Identification of geologic contrasts from landscape dissection pattern: An application to the Cascade Range, Oregon, USA     

Wei Luo  Tomasz Stepinski 《Geomorphology》2008,99(1-4):90-98

This paper demonstrates the plausibility of inferring the spatial variability of geology from topographically derived landscape dissection patterns. This enables surveying large regions for spatial variability in geology, for which direct remote sensing is not feasible, by studying variability in dissection pattern, a feature extracted straight off from digital elevation model data. Dissection pattern is obtained automatically by a novel algorithm, especially designed to delineate the valleys with high accuracy in order to reflect spatial variability in dissection density. The dissection pattern is encapsulated by a continuous map of drainage density, a raster variable best suited for showing spatial variability of dissection. Such a map, constructed for the study area in the Cascade Range, Oregon, USA, shows a sharp discontinuity in the dissection pattern, indicating change in underlying geology. Possible factors controlling the dissection pattern such as climate, local and regional slopes, vegetation, and geology are examined, and geology has been found to be the dominant controlling factor. The dissection contrast coincides with the boundary between the Western and High Cascades, two geologic provinces with different rock ages and types. The older and less permeable Western Cascades are associated with denser dissection pattern, whereas the younger and more permeable High Cascades correspond to less dissected pattern. This new mapping method can be applied to locations where topography is the only readily available data, and the generated map could be used to extract previously unknown geologic or environmental information.  相似文献   

Sediment routing hypothesis for pool‐riffle maintenance     

David J. Milan 《地球表面变化过程与地形》2013,38(14):1623-1641

This paper provides comprehensive evidence that sediment routing around pools is a key mechanism for pool‐riffle maintenance in sinuous upland gravel‐bed streams. The findings suggest that pools do not require a reversal in energy for them to scour out any accumulated sediments, if little or no sediments are fed into them. A combination of clast tracing using passive integrated transponder (PIT) tagging and bedload traps (positioned along the thalweg on the upstream riffle, pool entrance, pool exit and downstream riffle) are used to provide information on clast pathways and sediment sorting through a single pool‐riffle unit. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) is also used to explore hydraulic variability and flow pathways. Clast tracing results provide a strong indication that clasts are not fed through pools, rather they are transported across point bar surfaces, or around bar edges (depending upon previous clast position, clast size, and event magnitude). Spatial variations in bedload transport were found throughout the pool‐riffle unit. The pool entrance bedload trap was often found to be empty, when the others had filled, further supporting the notion that little or no sediment was fed into the pool. The pool exit slope trap would occasionally fill with sediment, thought to be sourced from the eroding outer bank. CFD results demonstrate higher pool shear stresses (τ ≈ 140 N m^–2) in a localized zone adjacent to an eroding outer bank, compared to the upstream and downstream riffles (τ ≈ 60 N m^–2) at flows of 6 · 2 m³ s^–1 (≈ 60% of the bankfull discharge) and above. There was marginal evidence for near‐bed velocity reversal. Near‐bed streamlines, produced from velocity vectors indicate that flow paths are diverted over the bar top rather than being fed through the thalweg. Some streamlines appear to brush the outer edge of the pool for the 4 · 9 m³ s^–1 to 7 · 8 m³ s^–1 (between 50 and 80% of the bankfull discharge) simulations, however complete avoidance was found for discharges greater than this. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

“坎儿井”式排(截)水盲沟在滑坡治理中的应用     

李新珊  何幸萍 《云南地质》2012,(2):220-222

地下水影响滑坡稳定性。采用竖井分段开挖的"坎儿井"式排(截)水工程治理,取得较好效果,值得推广。  相似文献   

Reproductive traits of the freshwater shrimp Caridina fossarum Heller, 1862 (Decapoda, Caridea, Atyidae) in the Ghomp-Atashkedeh spring (Iran)     

Parviz Zare  Mojtaba Naderi  Hamidreza Eshghi  Chryssa Anastasiadou 《Limnologica》2011,41(3):244-248

In the present study, some biological traits of Caridina fossarum reproduction are studied in the Ghomp-Atashkedeh spring (Fasa, Shiraz, Iran), for the first time. This Iranian endemic freshwater species was studied from April 2007 to March 2008. Minimum sexable size (MSS) and absolute or relative size at the onset of maturity (SOM and RSOM) in terms of carapace length (CL) was found to be 2.4 mm, 4.3 mm and 55%, respectively. Sex ratio showed variations on a monthly basis. Sex reversal is a possible scenario for C. fossarum because the size-specific sex ratio revealed a reverse pattern. Based on the proportions of ovigerous females, the main breeding season was determined to be from April to August, demonstrating a peak during early spring. There is a period of extended recruitment at water temperatures above 20 °C. The size at which 50% of females are mature was estimated at CL = 5.03 mm from the proportion of ovigerous females during the breeding season. The pleopodal egg number varied from 3 to 75 eggs per female with a mean value 34.39 ± 14.27. The results showed that although there is a significant relationship between carapace length CL and pleopodal egg number, it is not the most important factor affecting potential fecundity in C. fossarum due to the low values of slope (= 1.51) and determination coefficient (= 0.052).  相似文献   

http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1674987111000594     

Victor D. Mats  Tatiana I. Perepelova 《地学前缘(英文版)》2011,2(3):349-365

A new model is suggested for the history of the Baikal Rift,in deviation from the classic two-stage evolution scenario,based on a synthesis of the available data from the Baikal Basin and revised correlation between tectonic-lithological-stratigraphic complexes(TLSC) in sedimentary sections around Lake Baikal and seismic stratigraphic sequences(SSS) in the lake sediments.Unlike the previous models,the revised model places the onset of rifting during Late Cretaceous and comprises three major stages which are subdivided into several substages.The stages and the substages are separated by events of tectonic activity and stress reversal when additional compression produced folds and shear structures.The events that mark the stage boundaries show up as gaps,unconformities,and deformation features in the deposition patterns. The earliest Late Cretaceous-Oligocene stage began long before the India-Eurasia collision in a setting of diffuse extension that acted over a large territory of Asia.The NW-SE far-field pure extension produced an NE-striking half-graben oriented along an old zone of weakness at the edge of the Siberian craton.That was already the onset of rift evolution recorded in weathered lacustrine deposits on the Baikal shore and in a wedge-shaped acoustically transparent seismic unit in the lake sediments.The second stage spanning Late Oligocene-Early Pliocene time began with a stress change when the effect from the Eocene India-Eurasia collision had reached the region and became a major control of its geodynamics.The EW and NE transpression and shear from the collisional front transformed the Late Cretaceous half-graben into a U-shaped one which accumulated a deformed layered sequence of sediments.Rifting at the latest stage was driven by extension from a local source associated with hot mantle material rising to the base of the rifted crust.The asthenospheric upwarp first induced the growth of the Baikal dome and the related change from finer to coarser molasse deposition.With time,the upwarp became a more powerful stress source than the collision,and the stress vector returned to the previous NW-SE extension that changed the rift geometry back to a half-graben. The layered Late Pliocene-Quaternary subaerial tectonic-lithological-stratigraphic and the Quaternary submarine seismic stratigraphic units filling the latest half-graben remained almost undeformed.The rifting mechanisms were thus passive during two earlier stages and active during the third stage. The three-stage model of the rift history does not rule out the previous division into two major stages but rather extends its limits back into time as far as the Maastrichtian.Our model is consistent with geological, stratigraphic,structural,and geophysical data and provides further insights into the understanding of rifting in the Baikal region in particular and continental rifting in general.  相似文献   

Reversal of monthly East Asian winter air temperature in 2020/21 and its predictability          下载免费PDF全文

Hongqing Yang  Ke Fan 《大气和海洋科学快报》2022,15(1):42-48

在全球变暖的背景下,近年来东亚冬季气温存在复杂的季节内变化.本文研究了2020/21年东亚冬季气温的月际转折及可预测性.结果 表明,2020/21年东亚冬季气温前冬(2020年12月-2021年1月中旬)偏冷,后冬(2021年1月中旬-2月)偏暖.西伯利亚高压强度在前冬和后冬也出现转折变化.在前冬,由于2020年9月巴...  相似文献   

长江中游反向过程——来自四川盆地东部的构造地貌指示     

王平  郑洪波  刘少峰 《第四纪研究》2013,33(4)

万里长江的形成经历了数次大规模的河流袭夺事件,现今的长江中游河段(川江)曾经作为古长江的西支,自东向西汇入南流的古金沙江,后来由于不断的反向才使其与古长江的东支,即现今的长江下游得以贯通.针对这一河流演化模式,学术界普遍将长江三峡的黄陵背斜视为古长江东支和西支的分水岭,然而却一直未能获得有效的地貌证据,以致于无法解释具体的河流袭夺和反向过程.为此,本文从川东-湘鄂西弧形断褶带的构造地貌特征入手,深入分析了不同区段长江及其支流与构造线的交切关系,提出古长江东支和西支的分水岭应位于弧形带的“中线”附近的向斜谷地内,而并非前人认为的黄陵背斜.通过对向斜谷地内正交型水系样式下的河流袭夺案例分析,结合先进的河流纵剖面分析技术,揭示出由于基准面下降而造成的纵向河段被袭夺并最终反向的机制.另外,根据江汉盆地西缘(宜昌地区)的白垩纪-新生代地层的沉积学和物源分析,进一步限定了长江中游的袭夺和反向开始于始新世,直到中新世才形成现今贯通的长江.  相似文献   

Challenges for integrated water resources management     

Philippe Gourbesville 《Physics and Chemistry of the Earth》2008,33(5):284-289

During the past century, while world population tripled, the use of water increased sixfold. Irrigation accounts for 70% of global water withdrawals, industry for 20%, and municipal use for 10%. To meet the water resources challenges, a series of transitions is under way, with major implications for water management. The present paper underlines the major issues and the new role of engineers in charge of development and project management.  相似文献   

地球磁极倒转的分形混沌研究          下载免费PDF全文

申维  房丛卉  张德会 《地学前缘》2009,16(5):201-206

地球磁场多次发生南北(正负)磁极位置的变换,这已为大家所公认。但造成这种异常现象的原因,则是迄今未能很好解答的一个难题。应用分形混沌理论对地球磁极倒转进行了分析,认为发生地球磁极倒转时间段在时间轴上具有分形分布的性质;地球磁场系统通过不断与外界交换物质和能量,维持一种空间或时间的有序结构。地球磁场极性的随机倒转具有混沌运动的自逆转特性,混沌理论给地磁极性倒转提出了一个简明的动力机制解释。  相似文献   

松辽盆地徐家围子断陷深层天然气同位素倒转现象研究   总被引：15，自引：0，他引：15       下载免费PDF全文

黄海平 《地球科学》2000,25(6):617-623

天然气的同位素组成受源岩有机质类型、热演化程度和成藏后的次生变化等多种因素的影响, 其单体烃同位素分布特征是区分各种因素影响程度的地球化学指纹.天然气单体烃同位素通常有随碳数增加而变重的趋势, 而徐家围子深层天然气单体烃同位素倒转现象却比较普遍, 高地温和细菌氧化对于造成该区同位素倒转的可能性不大, 浅层油型气或无机气的混合作用没有充分的地质证据, 同层有机质中不同类型气的混合和盖层微渗漏造成的蒸发分馏作用可能是导致徐家围子断陷深层天然气同位素倒转的主要原因.   相似文献