地震波的散射与盆地的场地效应   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3  

范会吉  姚陈 《中国地震》1996,12(2):209-223

根据射线理论对二维盆地型试场地与Ｐ波波列特征的关系，波列中震相的性质及其产生的原因等进行了研究，对决定震相振幅大小的散射系数，几何扩散和波阻抗３个因子等的研究表明，因界面弯曲引起的广角反射和聚焦分别Ｐ波波阵中出现大能量团的第一和第二位的重要因素，在层内纵，横波波速比和层间波速比大范围变动的条件下，对界面散射系数的计算表明，介质内界面上Ｐ到Ｓ的反射转换波是指示界面两侧速度反差强弱以及入射波所在介质层  相似文献   

人类活动与气候变化对科尔沁沙质草地植被的影响   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

赵哈林  大黑俊哉  周瑞莲  李玉霖  左小安 《地球科学进展》2008,23(4):408-414

1992—2006年在科尔沁沙地开展了草地放牧和封育试验,分析研究了人类放牧活动和气候变化对草地植被的影响。研究结果表明：①人类放牧活动对沙质草地植被具有显著影响,其中轻度放牧可使原退化草地植被盖度、高度、物种丰富度和多样性明显提高,中度放牧下虽然草地植被盖度和高度有所下降,但对物种丰富度和多样性无不良影响,持续过度放牧可以导致草地植被迅速破坏;②围栏封育可以促进退化草地植被盖度、高度、物种丰富度和植物多样性得到较快恢复,其恢复速度是草层高度＞植被盖度＞物种丰富度＞多样性;③暖湿气候有利于草地维持较高的植被盖度、高度、物种丰富度和多样性,而持续干旱会导致相应指标的明显下降,多雨时期气温变化对植被的影响较大,干旱时期降水变化对植被的作用较强。  相似文献   

Abflußereignisse,eine skalenabhängige multiple Antwort von Einzugsgebieten auf Niederschläge     

W. Symader  R. Bierl  F. Gasparini 《洁净——土壤、空气、水》1999,27(2):87-93

Flood Events, a Multiple Basin Response to Precipitation Events at Different Scales Results in the small catchment of the Kartelbornsbach have shown that summer events lead to typical types of flood waves that can be classified according to their response patterns. Differences to this pattern are due to the precipitation amount and duration and in some times to the pre-event moisture of the soil. The results show further that the Kartelbornsbach catchment can be considered as a block system where spatial differences are responsible for the basic pattern of the reaction but not for differences between flood events. Small catchments are excellent tools for relatively inexpensive hydrological and hydrochemical research on streamflow generation mechanisms. With increasing size of the basin the response becomes less clear, because the spatial distribution of rainfall and the distance of delivering areas from the sampling station mask or modify the type of response. Although the main flow components may not change, there is a considerable shift in the composition of water quality, because the increase of travel time does not affect all flow components at the same rate.  相似文献   

靖边风沙滩地区海子与地下水位演化历史模拟分析     

毛旭阁  罗奇斌  李贵娟  王耀军 《地下水》2011,33(5):53-54

对研究区自1957年至2008年间的水资源利用历史过程进行分析,利用分析结果对研究区海子与地下水位演化历史进行数值模拟。直观的再现由于水资源开发及气候因素等对研究区当地居民生活及自然生态环境造成的影响。由于地下水资源过度利用造成的植被死亡,土地沙化,居民生活困难,环境破坏严重。要加大地下水管理开采力度,保护生态环境。  相似文献   

全球温室效应的影响及对策     

刘昌明  傅国斌 《云南地理环境研究》1990,2(2):48-55

温室效应引起全球范围内增温已愈来愈引起各国政府、学者的关注。温室效应不仅导致全球范围内气候混乱异常,而且对全球生态系统、自然环境、作物产量乃至社会经济、人类活动产生一系列的影响。本文通过各种影响层次的分析,结合国际上的动态,指出了人类针对这一全球性问题应考虑的对策,其中包括:1)温室效应机理研究;2)开发替代能源;3)保护森林;4)采取适当的政策法规;5)全面系统地研究其可能影响;6)达成一些国际性协议。  相似文献   

2008年汶川地震断层北川段的几何学与运动学特征及地震地质灾害效应   总被引：16，自引：4，他引：12       下载免费PDF全文

付碧宏  时丕龙  王萍  李琦  孔屏  郑国东 《地球物理学报》2009,52(2):485-495

2008年5月12日M_S8.0 汶川大地震的主要发震断层是龙门山断裂带的映秀—北川断裂.本研究通过地震后的实地调查和地震前后高空间分辨率航空与卫星影像的解译,对映秀—北川断裂带北川段（擂鼓镇—曲山镇）同震地表破裂带的几何学与运动学特征及相关地震地质灾害进行了详细分析.研究结果表明5·12汶川大地震沿映秀—北川断裂带产生的地表破裂带正穿过北川县城—曲山镇中心,并在曲山镇周围诱发了一系列大型滑坡和岩崩等地质灾害,致使北川县城遭到毁灭性破坏.野外考察表明北川段最大逆冲量和右旋走滑量都达8~10 m,这也是映秀—北川地表地震破裂带中位移量最大的地段.同时,值得注意的是曲山镇一带正是地震断层几何学和运动学特征改变的转换地带：曲山镇及其南西部断层倾向北西,呈现以逆冲为主兼右旋走滑的特征;在曲山镇北东断层倾向南东,表现为右旋走滑分量与垂直分量相当,走滑活动特征更明显.研究结果还表明,逆冲-走滑型（或斜向逆冲型）同震地表破裂带的几何学和运动学特征直接影响地震地质灾害及其破坏程度,地震地质灾害的分布表现出明显的不对称性：断层NW盘（上盘）远远强于SE盘（下盘）.地震断层的几何学特征与断层运动的应力及坡向的自由面之间相互作用,加强了滑坡、岩崩等地质灾害的破坏力.因此,汶川大地震为我们研究逆冲-走滑型同震地表破裂的几何学、运动学特征及其地震地质灾害效应提供了契机.  相似文献   

Seismic performance of bar-mat reinforced-soil retaining wall: Shaking table testing versus numerical analysis with modified kinematic hardening constitutive model     

I. Anastasopoulos  T. GeorgarakosV. Georgiannou  V. DrososR. Kourkoulis 《Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering》2010

Reinforced-soil retaining structures possess inherent flexibility, and are believed to be insensitive to earthquake shaking. In fact, several such structures have successfully survived destructive earthquakes (Northridge 1994, Kobe 1995, Kocaeli 1999, and Chi-Chi 1999). This paper investigates experimentally and theoretically the seismic performance of a typical bar-mat retaining wall. First, a series of reduced-scale shaking table tests are conducted, using a variety of seismic excitations (real records and artificial multi-cycle motions). Then, the problem is analyzed numerically employing the finite element method. A modified kinematic hardening constitutive model is developed and encoded in ABAQUS through a user-defined subroutine. After calibrating the model parameters through laboratory element testing, the retaining walls are analyzed at model scale, assuming model parameters appropriate for very small confining pressures. After validating the numerical analysis through comparisons with shaking table test results, the problem is re-analyzed at prototype scale assuming model parameters for standard confining pressures. The results of shaking table testing are thus indirectly “converted” (extrapolated) to real scale. It is shown that: (a) for medium intensity motions (typical of M_s≈6 earthquakes) the response is “quasi-elastic”, and the permanent lateral displacement in reality could not exceed a few centimeters; (b) for larger intensity motions (typical of M_s≈6.5–7 earthquakes) bearing the effects of forward rupture directivity or having a large number of strong motion cycles, plastic deformation accumulates and the permanent displacement is of the order of 10–15 cm (at prototype scale); and (c) a large number of strong motion cycles (N>30) of unrealistically large amplitude (A=1.0 g) is required to activate a failure wedge behind the region of reinforced soil. Overall, the performance of the bar-mat reinforced-soil walls investigated in this paper is totally acceptable for realistic levels of seismic excitation.  相似文献   

Evaluating ecosystem-based management options: Effects of trawling in Torres Strait,Australia     

Nick Ellis  Francis Pantus  Andrzej Welna  Alan Butler 《Continental Shelf Research》2008

A suite of management options for a prawn trawl fishery in Torres Strait, Australia was assessed for impacts on the benthic fauna using a dynamic management strategy evaluation approach. The specification of the management options was gained through consultation with stakeholders. Data for the model was drawn from several sources: the fleet data from fishery logbooks and satellite vessel monitoring systems, benthic depletion rates from trawl-down experiments, benthic recovery rates from post-experiment recovery monitoring studies, and benthic distribution from large-scale benthic surveys. Although there were large uncertainties in the resulting indicators, robust measures relevant to management were obtained by taking ratios relative to the status quo. The management control with the biggest effect was total effort; reducing trawl effort always led to increases in benthic faunal density of up to 10%. Spatial closures had a smaller benefit of up to 2%. The effect of closing a set of buffer zones around reefs to trawling was indistinguishable from the status quo option. Closing a larger area, however, was largely beneficial especially for sea cucumbers. When the spatial distributions of fauna prior to fishing were accounted for, fauna with distributions positively correlated with effort improved relative to those negatively correlated. The reduction in prawn catch under effort reduction scenarios could be ameliorated by introducing temporal closures over the full-moon period.  相似文献   

盐度对管角螺胚胎发育的影响   总被引：1，自引：1，他引：1  

罗杰  刘楚吾  黄翔鹄 《广东海洋大学学报》2007,27(3):24-28

在水温25.5~29.2℃的条件下,设11个盐度梯度对管角螺[Hemifusus tuba(Gmelin)]的胚胎发育进行了观察和研究。结果显示:管角螺胚胎发育的适宜盐度范围为22~35,最适盐度范围为25~31;在适宜的盐度范围内,7~9 d发育的胚胎能完全消耗卵囊内的败育卵变为自身发育的营养物质,13~15 d形成稚螺雏形,31~34 d胚胎完成发育从卵囊内爬出;适宜盐度范围内各盐度对正常卵发育数量、孵化率无显著影响。低于其适宜盐度范围,胚胎发育在初始阶段便受抑制,盐度为16~19只有部分正常卵发育,需34~36 d才完成胚胎发育;高于适宜盐度范围的38、41两组,在6 d内对胚胎发育无影响,但6 d后影响显著。低盐度对胚胎发育影响较高盐度更为明显。  相似文献   

射电源结构对VLBI天体测量的影响     

夏一飞  高洁 《时间频率学报》1998,21(1):54-58

目前利用VLBIMK3系统确定的延迟测量的精度约为30ps,在这样的精度下,改善计算延迟的理论模型,考虑各种微扰改正（包含30ps量级）是非常重要的。在VLBI天休测量和测地计算的各种软件中,至今尚未计及射电源结构对延迟的影响。本文利用两子源模型对源结构延迟的大小及随时间的变化进行了计算,讨论了源结构延迟对VLBI天测和测地参数的影响,指出：（1）除对某些VLBI天测的射电源作长期的监测与研究,给出它们的双频综合图外,对大多数源可采用简单的两子源模型;（2）源结构对延迟的影响主要依赖于基线相对于源形态的主要特征的空间投影;（3）源结构延迟对天测和测地参数的影响达厘米和亚毫角秒量级。  相似文献