城市消防指挥地理信息系统的设计与实现     

刘建忠  田智慧  吴明冠  武舫 《测绘学院学报》1997,(1)

结合郑州市消防指挥自动化系统的实现,对城市消防指挥地理信息系统的设计与实现进行归纳和总结。  相似文献   

Assessing mammal responses to perturbations in temperate aridlands of Argentina     

S. Tabeni  R. A. Ojeda   《Journal of Arid Environments》2003,55(4):715-726

Loss of species richness and reduced abundance have been the main responses to perturbations of small- and medium-sized mammals in arid and semi-arid areas. Nonetheless, some mammal species whose habitat requirements are met in disturbed patches may benefit from structural changes in the environment brought about by perturbations.In desert areas of Argentina different mammal responses are attributable to both a lower complexity of disturbed patches and a decrease in sheltered places. Therefore, species associated with high plant cover either decrease in number or become locally extinct at sites affected by fire or grazing, whereas species using open areas are favored by these events.The negative effects historically assigned to different disturbances may be mitigated by adopting a hierarchical approach that considers patch diversity in different successional stages as well as the multiple opportunities of patch occupation by mammal species.  相似文献   

Quantifying long-term post-fire sediment delivery and erosion mitigation effectiveness     

Peter R. Robichaud  Sarah A. Lewis  Joseph W. Wagenbrenner  Robert E. Brown  Fredrick B. Pierson 《地球表面变化过程与地形》2020,45(3):771-782

Large wildfires can have profound and lasting impacts not only from direct consumption of vegetation but also longer-term effects such as persistent soil erosion. The 2002 Hayman Fire burned in one of the watersheds supplying water to the Denver metropolitan area; thus there was concern regarding hillslope erosion and sedimentation in the reservoirs. The efficacy of various treatments for reducing erosion was tested, including hand scarification on contour, agricultural straw mulch, wood mulch, burned controls and unburned reference plots. Simulated rill erosion experiments were used both immediately after the fire and again 10 years post fire. To better understand untreated recovery, the same experiments were applied to control plots in post-fire years 1, 2, 3 and 4, and in unburned reference plots in years 4 and 10. Results indicate that control and scarified plots produced significantly greater sediment flux rates – 1.9 and 2.8 g s⁻¹ respectively – than the straw and wood mulch treatments – 0.9 and 1.1 g s⁻¹ – immediately after the fire. Mulch treatments reduced runoff rate, runoff velocity, and sediment concentration and flux rate. The straw mulch cover was no longer present, whereas the wood mulch was still there in year 10. Vegetation regrowth was slow and mulch treatments provided effective cover to reduce sediment right after the fire. In post-fire year 10, there were no significant differences in sediment flux rates across treatments; it is notable, however, that the wood mulch treatment (0.09 g s⁻¹) most closely approached the unburned condition (0.07 g s⁻¹). The burned control plots had high sediment flux rates until post-fire year 3, when flux rates significantly decreased and were statistically no longer higher than the unburned levels from year 4 and 10. These results will inform managers of the longer-term post-fire sediment delivery rates and of the ability of post-fire emergency hillslope treatments to mitigate erosion rates. Published 2019. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA.  相似文献   

NOAA-AVHRR数据在吉林省东部林火信息提取中的应用   总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4  

赵彬  赵文吉  潘军  李家存  胡德勇 《国土资源遥感》2010,21(1):77-80

概述了利用NOAA-AVHRR数据进行林火监测的原理和4种方法。针对吉林省东部的森林火灾,运用4种方法进行了火点信息提取与分析,最后对阈值法进行了改进,提取精度达到了89.2%。分析了NOAA-AVHRR应用于林火遥感监测的可行性和不足。  相似文献   

WUIVAC: a wildland-urban interface evacuation trigger model applied in strategic wildfire scenarios     

Philip E. Dennison  Thomas J. Cova  Max A. Mortiz 《Natural Hazards》2007,41(1):181-199

An evacuation trigger is a point on the landscape that, once crossed by a wildfire, triggers an evacuation for a community. The Wildland-Urban Interface Evacuation (WUIVAC) model can be used to create evacuation trigger buffers around a community using fuels, weather, and topographic inputs. A strategic, community-scale application of WUIVAC for the town of Julian, California was investigated. Eight years of wind measurements were used to determine the worst-case (strongest) winds in 16 directions. Surface fire rate of spread was used to calculate evacuation trigger buffers for the communities of Julian and nearby Whispering Pines, and for three potential evacuation routes. Multiple trigger buffers were combined to create fire planning areas, and trigger buffers that predict the closure of all evacuation routes were explored. WUIVAC trigger buffers offer several potential benefits for strategic evacuation planning, including determination of when to evacuate and locating potential evacuation routes.  相似文献   

A comparison of late Quaternary forest changes in New Caledonia and northeastern Australia     

Janelle Stevenson  Geoffrey Hope 《Quaternary Research》2005,64(3):372-383

A pollen record from Lake Xere Wapo, southeast New Caledonia, is the longest continuous terrestrial record to be recovered from the tropical southwest Pacific and reveals a series of millennial scale changes in vegetation over the last 130,000 yr. A comparison of the Lake Xere Wapo record with the key northeast Australian record of Lynch's Crater reveals regional patterns of change. From 120,000 to 50,000 yr ago the vegetation around Lake Xere Wapo alternated between rainforest and maquis with fire an important disturbance factor. In the last 50,000 yr fire is almost absent from the record and the vegetation assumes a character unprecedented in the preceding 100,000 yr, dominated by Dacrydium and Podocarpus pollen. The most compelling aspect of the comparison with Lynch's Crater is that the much-discussed Araucaria decline at around 45,000 yr ago in northern Queensland is matched by a similar decline in the Lake Xere Wapo record.  相似文献   

Deglaciation and Holocene climate change in the western Peruvian Andes     

Chengyu Weng  Mark B. Bush  Tom D. Dillehay  Michael W. Binford 《Quaternary Research》2006,66(1):87-96

  相似文献   

大火历史及其与古气候关系研究   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

杨英  沈承德  易惟熙  孙彦敏 《地球科学进展》2000,15(3):328-334

火广泛地存在于自然界和人类社会中,并在现代生态系统的形成过程中扮演了重要角色。沉积物中的元素碳记录了大火发生的历史,对之进行定量分析可得到大火频率的长期记录,分析方法包括显微镜观察和化学氧化处理。化学方法通常是用HCl-HF酸溶解碳酸盐及硅酸盐,再通过氧化反应去除有机物。几种沉积相中大火历史研究实例表明,大火改变了植被格局,进而影响区域气候;燃烧排放的气体和颗粒对大气化学性质也产生重大影响。  相似文献   

Spatial variability of soil hydrophobicity after wildfires in Montana and Colorado   总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0  

Scott W. Woods  Anna Birkas  Robert Ahl 《Geomorphology》2007,86(3-4):465-479

Increases in runoff and erosion after wildfires are often attributed to the development of hydrophobic soils. The potential for increased overland flow depends on the spatial contiguity of the hydrophobicity as well as its overall strength, but there is limited information on the spatial variability of soil hydrophobicity. We conducted spatially intensive hydrophobicity measurements in 225 m² and 1 m² plots in forested areas of Montana and Colorado burned at moderate to high severity, and in unburned control plots. Both the burned and unburned 225 m² plots contained 10–23 hydrophobic soil patches in which hydrophobicity was strongest at the surface and declined rapidly with depth. The hydrophobic patches were closer together and up to 3 times larger in the burned plots. Consequently, 19% to 76% of the burned plots were hydrophobic compared to just 11% of the unburned plots. In five of the six burned plots, the patches were not laterally connected, suggesting that in most cases Hortonian overland flow generated from hydrophobic patches will infiltrate near its point of origin. The 1 m² plots were smaller than most of the hydrophobic patches, so they did not capture the spatial characteristics of soil hydrophobicity. Characterization of the spatial variability of soil hydrophobicity should be based on measurements conducted at  1 m intervals across areas of > 100 m². Due to the patchiness of soil hydrophobicity at the 10⁰ to 10¹ meter scale, overland flow measurements in small ( 1 m²) plots may overestimate the magnitude and variability of runoff from burned catchments.  相似文献   

Modeling of multi-strata forest fire severity using Landsat TM Data     

Qingmin Meng  Ross K. Meentemeyer 《International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation》2011

Most of fire severity studies use field measures of composite burn index (CBI) to represent forest fire severity and fit the relationships between CBI and Landsat imagery derived differenced normalized burn ratio (dNBR) to predict and map fire severity at unsampled locations. However, less attention has been paid on the multi-strata forest fire severity, which represents fire activities and ecological responses at different forest layers. In this study, using field measured fire severity across five forest strata of dominant tree, intermediate-sized tree, shrub, herb, substrate layers, and the aggregated measure of CBI as response variables, we fit statistical models with predictors of Landsat TM bands, Landsat derived NBR or dNBR, image differencing, and image ratioing data. We model multi-strata forest fire in the historical recorded largest wildfire in California, the Big Sur Basin Complex fire. We explore the potential contributions of the post-fire Landsat bands, image differencing, image ratioing to fire severity modeling and compare with the widely used NBR and dNBR. Models using combinations of post-fire Landsat bands perform much better than NBR, dNBR, image differencing, and image ratioing. We predict and map multi-strata forest fire severity across the whole Big Sur fire areas, and find that the overall measure CBI is not optimal to represent multi-strata forest fire severity.  相似文献