Environmental democratization and water justice in extractive frontiers of Colombia     

《Geoforum》2017

Mechanisms of democratic participation have been activated in Colombia since 2006 for the purpose of protecting water sources, hydrosocial territories and peasant livelihoods. A chronological perspective on the numerous and varied cases illustrates their cumulative, transformative effect on judicial decisions taken by the high courts, which have endorsed these mechanisms of direct democracy and expanded the scope of democratization to socioenvironmental issues. The process of environmental democratization in Colombia has been gradual, starting with the creation of opportunities for citizen participation in the Constitution of 1991; followed in the first decade of this century by the activation of the mechanisms of democratic participation created; and culminating with the watershed Constitutional Court ruling T-445 of 2016, which confirmed the right of municipalities to consult with their citizens about mining and oil extraction in their territories. The cases are analyzed here through the lens of democratization and transformative and judicialized politics. The paper argues that the reconfiguration of power through the use and contestation of participatory mechanisms reveals an ambiguous state-formation process characterized by repressed democratization. It also demonstrates that the process of environmental democratization that started with the activation of the democratic participation mechanisms introduced in the Constitution of 1991 has been one of transformative democratic politics, in which a dynamic array of political actors have consolidated democratic participation on environmental issues through constitutional lobbying and activism.  相似文献   

拉丁美洲大地构造轮廓、成矿区带和成矿系列   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

姚仲友  郭维民  王天刚  姚春彦  沈莽庭  赵宇浩  徐鸣  刘君安 《地质通报》2017,36(12):2099-2106

拉丁美洲是全世界矿产资源最丰富的地区之一。总结该地区的成矿地质背景、划分成矿区带、研究成矿系列将对进一步规划勘查和开发起到指导作用。在大地构造轮廓方面分成3个构造亚域,对次级构造单元的划分方案进行了探讨。在成矿区带划分方面,按5级成矿区带的划分方案,对一级成矿域和二级成矿省进行了划分,三级及其以下的成矿单元,对前人的划分方案作了扼要的比较。在成矿系列方面以大地构造演化为主导,以成矿作用和矿床类型为标志,将有内在成因联系的一系列矿床整合成一个成矿系列,并细分为成矿亚系列和成矿组合。  相似文献   

关于中国陆架沙漠化理论几个问题的探讨   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3  

李志忠  朱大奎  王颖 《地理学报》1999,54(3):269-276

陆架沙漠化理论主要有两方面的问题;第一,该理论所例举的沙漠化证据大多属于不能确认沙漠环境的多解标志;第二,该理论没有阐明冰后期海进过程对陆架上可能存在的风成沙所产生的影响。本文就这些问题进行了讨论,认为中国大陆架上的残留沉积不宜定为古沙漠堆积。  相似文献   

Land Use Diversification in the Elite Residential Sector of Quito,Ecuador*     

Roy H. Ryder 《The Professional geographer》2004,56(4):488-502

It is generally assumed that older mansions in the elite residential sector of Latin American cities filter down to the middle classes once their residents migrate to modern suburban homes. Five land use maps compiled between 1975 and 1999 show that the elite residential sector of Quito (Mariscal Sucre) experienced a much more complex fate. Diffusion of nonresidential land uses from the city center and its associated spine transformed the residential neighborhood into a vibrant upper‐scale business district. Sophisticated businesses subsequently moved on to modern suburban facilities, but Mariscal Sucre became a major hub for business, nocturnal entertainment, and tourism. Diversification of land use in Mariscal Sucre confirms the Crowley hypothesis of complexity in Latin American urban land use patterns ( Crowley 1995 ).  相似文献   

Israeli Geographers in Search of a National Identity     

Izhak Schnell 《The Professional geographer》2004,56(4):560-573

Zionist geographers in Israel were highly involved in institutionalizing Israel's national identity. In search for interpretative schemes, they were highly committed both to Western paradigms and to Zionist narratives. Until the 1970s, organicist models of regional geography were popular despite contradictions between the use of tragic and comic narratives in Western models and the need to adopt romantic narratives for Zionist purposes. The emergence of historical geography in the 1950s helped to solve these contradictions by adopting a contextual mode of explanation in which the national story has been described in terms of a unique one and as an example for the power of Zionist civilization to transform bewildered nature. During the last two decades, new forms of criticism have emerged that changed the discourse from a particularistic story of nation building to a more general story of colonization and territorial control.  相似文献   

Streetvending in Peruvian Cities: The Spatio-Temporal Behavior of Ambulantes*     

Maureen Hays-Mitchell 《The Professional geographer》1994,46(4):425-438

Informal trade is a historically rooted and empirically important livelihood in Andean America. This paper examines the spatial dimensions of informal commerce by documenting and analyzing the locational patterns and preferences of streetvendors and the locational constraints imposed on their activities in six Peruvian cities. The interplay of streetvendor needs and municipal exigencies is found to determine the spatio-temporal behavior of streetvendors. A fundamental shift in municipal policy to a more pragmatic attitude toward streetvending is noted.  相似文献   

CHANGING EXPECTATIONS AND INSTITUTIONS: AMERICAN WOMEN GEOGRAPHERS IN THE 1970S     

JANICE MONK 《Geographical review》2006,96(2):259-277

ABSTRACT. In 1973 Wilbur Zelinsky lamented and documented the low representation of women in American academic geography. His attention reflected the climate of the times—the challenges of the women's movement, affirmative action, and feminist activism in the professions. Drawing on archives and personal narratives, this article addresses the paradoxes and politics of women's place in American academic geography in the 1970s. As increasing numbers developed new aspirations for graduate education and professional work, stereotyping, discrimination, the lack of mentoring, and the challenges of a job market whose peak had passed presented difficulties. Yet persistence, resistance, and feminist political activism worked to advance women's professional standing and visibility, especially at the national level within the Association of American Geographers and in the development of new research and teaching on the geography of women.  相似文献   

拉丁美洲国际移民现状研究     

毛爱华 《世界地理研究》2006,15(3):17-21

作为昔日重要的国际移民迁入地,拉丁美洲曾接纳了来自世界各地的大量移民。自20世纪60年代起该州转而成为国际移民迁出地,且迁移数量日益增多,并由此引发一系列广为国际社会关注的问题。本文对拉丁美洲国际移民方向发生逆转的原因进行了分析,阐述了目前该州国际移民的主要流向及其数量,对其已经和可能产生的后果做了评价并在此基础上提出了相应的对策思考。  相似文献   

Poverty and citizenship: Sociological perspectives on water services and public-private participation   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

José Esteban Castro 《Geoforum》2007,38(5):756-771

This article focuses on the arguments used to support private sector participation (PSP) in the provision of water and sanitation services (WSS) since the 1980s. It addresses the following questions: what was the historical evidence informing the claim that promoting PSP would be the best instrument for reducing water poverty? What are the principles that provided the foundation for this claim? And, what has been the empirical record of the resulting WSS policies? It argues that early neoliberal WSS policies since the 1980s were not intended to expand services to the poor. A pro-poor rhetoric was added to these policies since the 1990s, probably as a result of increasing citizen unrest in developing countries and the failure of privatized WSS projects in the Americas and Europe. However, the claim that PSP can provide the solution to public sector failure in extending coverage of essential WSS to the poor has little ground both in the theoretical literature and in the historical record. As could have been expected from the accumulated knowledge about the relationship between market-driven WSS and the poor, the recent experience with PSP projects has been disappointing. In practice these policies not only have failed to extend these essential services to the poor but have also contributed to deepening existing inequalities of power resulting in the weakening of state, local government, and civil society capacities to exercise democratic control over private water monopolies in most developing countries. Reversing this imbalance is one of the crucial challenges ahead in order to achieve the Millennium Development Goals. However, the article argues that the inertial forces set in motion by the neoliberal model of water policy based on market-centred governance of water and WSS remains the crucial obstacle for the achievement of the goals.  相似文献   

Profitability and the poor: Corporate strategies, innovation and sustainability     

David Hall  Emanuele Lobina 《Geoforum》2007,38(5):772-785

Based on empirical evidence, the article looks at the implications of private sector participation (PSP) for the delivery of water supply and sanitation to the urban and peri-urban poor in developing countries, with particular reference to Africa and Latin America. More precisely, the article addresses the impact produced by multinational companies’ (MNCs) strategies, in light of the pursuit of profitability, on the extension of connections to the pipeline network. It does so by questioning the assumptions that greater private sector efficiency and innovation, together with contract design, will enable the sustainable extension of service coverage to low income dwellers. The strategies of the major water MNCs are considered both in relation to the global expansion of their operations and the adjustment of local strategies to commercial considerations. The latter might result in identifying profitable markets, modifying contractual provisions, attempting to reduce costs and increase income, reducing risks and exiting from non-performing contracts. The evidence reviewed allows for re-assessing the relative roles of the public and private sectors in extending and delivering water services to the poor. First, the most far reaching innovative approaches to extending connections are more likely to come from communities, public authorities and political activity than from MNCs. Secondly, whenever MNCs are liable to exit from non-profitable contracts, the public sector has no other option than to deal with external risks affecting continuity of provision. Finally, market limitations affecting MNCs’ ability to serve marginal populations and access cheap capital do not apply to well-organised, politically led public sector undertakings.  相似文献