西南极洲纳尔逊冰帽的表面运动          下载免费PDF全文

刘琛  秦大河  王晓军  钱嵩林 《极地研究》1991,3(4):11-17

本文通过对纳尔逊冰帽冰面速度和应变率的分析,得出冰帽边缘的最大夏季表面速度为2058m/a,最大年平均表面速度为15.5m/a,探求了冰面运动速度的空间分布和季节性变化,冰帽顶部的表面应变率为+0.0079/a和+0.0034/a。还讨论了冰面应变率从冰帽顶点到边缘的变化特点及其与冰面裂隙的关系。并将这些特征同我国大陆型冰帽进行了对比,从冰川动力学的角度阐明了纳尔逊冰帽的某些特征。  相似文献   

液态下冰芯微粒含量随时间的变化-南极乔治王岛冰芯微粒研究(英)   总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0  

KAANG Jian-Cheng  WEN Jia-Hong  WAAANG Da-Li  LIU Lei-Bao  YAN Ming  Li Yuan-Sheng  Han Jian-Kang 《冰川冻土》1998,(4)

Re-measurement of microparticle content of surface 10 m ice core from the top of King George Island Ice Cap shows that, except samples in 8. 5～ 10 m depth, the microparticle content generally decreases 45%～ 85% within first 48 hours at melted state, afterwards, the content change is small. Content at each grain size interval has a decrease, but the main decrease is in particles of <3μm. Though particle content varies with depth, the decreases are much larger in peak areas than in valleys. From the tests, it can be considered that, the reason of particle content decrease at melted state is that some sea salt grains in samples dissolved. The microparticle content of samples in 8. 5～ 10 m depth has not decrease, the reason is that melting and re freezing have occurred at the depth, because the ice temperature is near 0 °C, and there are series of ice layers, the thickest is 7 cm, at that depth. The chemical analyses for same samples at same conditions show that, except irregular changes in NH4,NO, there are small changes in other ions, probably the content changes in micro-grain <3 μm can not obviously cause the chemical content change in samples.  相似文献   

用古里雅冰芯的pH值及电导率探讨该冰川作用区的干湿变化(英)   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

SHENG Wen-Kun  YAO TanDong  LI Yue-Fang 《冰川冻土》1998,(4)

Soluble salts on the surface ground in Guliya ice cap area change with climatic factors, especially with dry and wet conditions. pH and electric conductivity values of the Guliya ice core depend on soluble salts originated from surrounding arid or semi-arid regions, therefore the dry and wet changes can be approached by them. Results show that the approached dry and wet changes since the little ice age are consistent with that deduced from δ18O and accumulation rate.  相似文献   

考虑纵向帽梁作用的支护结构有限单元法     

马穗斌  杨浚炜 《江苏地质》1998,22(4):238-241

根据纵向帽梁与支护桩及支撑的约束和变形协调,提出了考虑纵向帽梁作用的支护结构的有限元解法,用于模拟基坑开挖各施工工况。采用能够替代空间结构分析的平面分析方法,既简化了计算,同时又较好地满足了工程需要。给出了计算模式,并讨论了土压力的计算、支撑弹簧系数的取值问题。  相似文献   

Recent changes in the feeding of cod (Gadus morhua) off the Flemish Cap, Newfoundland 1989-1993   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Casas  J. M.; Paz  J. 《ICES Journal of Marine Science》1996,53(5):750-756

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Developing soil indices based on brightness,darkness, and greenness to improve land surface mapping accuracy     

Bingwen Qiu  Ke Zhang  Zhenghong Tang  Chongcheng Chen  Zhuangzhuang Wang 《地理信息系统科学与遥感》2017,54(5):759-777

Soil, as one of the three basic biophysical components, has been understudied using remote sensing techniques compared to vegetation and impervious surface areas (ISA). This study characterized land surfaces based on the brightness–darkness–greenness model. These three dimensions, brightness, darkness, and greenness, were represented by the first Tasseled Cap Transformation (TC1), Normalize Difference Snow Index (NDSI), and Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), respectively. The Ratio Index for Bright Soil (RIBS) was developed based on TC1 and NDSI, and the Product Index for Dark Soil (PIDS) was established by TC1 and NDVI. Their applications to the Landsat 8 Operational Land Imager images and 500 m 8-day composite Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) in China revealed the efficiency. The two soil indices proficiently highlighted soil covers with consistently the smallest values, due to larger TC1 and smaller NDSI values in bright soil, and smaller NDVI and TC1 values in dark soil. The RIBS is capable of distinguishing bright soil from ISA without masking vegetation and water body. The spectral separability bright soil and ISA were perfect, with a Jeffries–Matusita distance of 1.916. And the PIDS was the only soil index that could discriminate dark soil from other land covers including ISA. The soil areas in China were classified using a simple threshold method based on MODIS images. An overall accuracy of 94.00% was obtained, with the kappa index of 0.8789. This study provided valuable insights into developing indices for characterizing land surfaces from different perspectives.  相似文献   

Mineralogy and trace-element geochemistry of the high-grade iron ores of the Águas Claras Mine and comparison with the Capão Xavier and Tamanduá iron ore deposits, Quadrilátero Ferrífero, Brazil     

Carlos Alberto Spier  Sonia Maria Barros de Oliveira  Carlos Alberto Rosière  José Domingos Ardisson 《Mineralium Deposita》2008,43(2):229-254

Several major iron deposits occur in the Quadrilátero Ferrífero (QF), southeastern region of Brazil, where metamorphosed and heterogeneously deformed banded iron formation (BIF) of the Cauê Formation, regionally called itabirite, was transformed into high- (Fe >64%) and low-grade (30%?2O₃, with a higher amount of detrimental impurities, especially MnO, in the soft ore. Both hard and soft ores are depleted in trace elements. The high-grade ores at the Águas Claras Mine have at least a dual origin, involving hypogene and supergene processes. The occurrence of the hard, massive high-grade ore within “fresh” dolomitic itabirite is evidence of its hypogene origin. Despite the contention about the origin of the dolomitic itabirite (if this rock is a carbonate-rich facies of the Cauê Formation or a hematite–carbonate precursor of the soft high-grade ore), mineralogical and geochemical features of the soft high-grade ore indicate that it was formed by leaching of dolomite from the dolomitic itabirite by meteoric water. The comparison of the Águas Claras, Capão Xavier and Tamanduá orebodies shows that the original composition of the itabiritic protore plays a major role in the genesis of high- and low-grade soft ores in the QF. Under the same weathering and structural conditions, the dolomitic itabirite is the more favorable to form high-grade deposits than siliceous itabirite. Field relations at the Águas Claras and Capão Xavier deposits suggest that it is not possible to form huge soft high-grade supergene deposits from siliceous itabirite, unless another control, such as impermeable barriers, had played an important role. The occurrence in the Tamanduá Mine of a large, soft, high-grade orebody formed from siliceous itabirite and closely associated with hypogene hard ore suggests that large, soft, high-grade orebodies of the Quadrilátero Ferrífero, which occur within siliceous itabirite, have a hypogene contribution in their formation.  相似文献   

Groundwater mineralisation processes in Mediterranean semi‐arid systems (Cap‐Bon,North east of Tunisia): hydrogeological and geochemical approaches     

Adel Zghibi  Lahcen Zouhri  Jamila Tarhouni  Lamia Kouzana 《水文研究》2013,27(22):3227-3239

The groundwater of the Korba plain represents major water resources in Tunisia. The Plio‐Quaternary unconfined aquifer of the Cap‐Bon (north‐east Tunisia) is subject to the intensive agricultural activities and high groundwater pumping rates due to the increasing of the groundwater extraction. The degradation of the groundwater quality is characterized by the salinization phenomena. Groundwater were sampled and analysed for physic‐chemical parameters: Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺, Na⁺, K⁺, Cl^‐, SO₄^2‐, HCO₃^‐, NO₃^‐, pH, electrical conductivity (EC), and the temperature (T°). The hydrochemical analysis is coupled with the calculation of the saturation indexes (SI gypsum, SI halite, SI calcite and SI dolomite), ionic derivation and with the ion correlations compared to chloride concentrations: Na⁺/ Cl^‐, Ca²⁺/ Cl^‐ and Mg²⁺/ Cl^‐ ratios. Seawater fractions in the groundwater were calculated using the chloride concentration. Those processes can be used as indicators of seawater intrusion progression. EC methods were also conducted to obtain new informations on the spatial scales and dynamics of the fresh water–seawater interface of coastal groundwater exchange. The mixing zone between freshwater and saltwater was clearly observed from the EC profile in the investigated area where a strong increase in EC with depth was observed, corresponding to the freshwater and saltwater interface. Results of hydrochemical study revealed the presence of direct cation exchange linked to seawater intrusion and dissolution processes associated with cations exchange. These results, together with EC investigation, indicated that the groundwater is affected by seawater intrusion and is still major actor as a source of salinization of the groundwater in Korba coastal plain. Further isotopic and hydrological investigations will be necessary to identify and more understood the underlying mechanisms. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

How have catch shares been allocated?     

《Marine Policy》2014

A unique database was created that describes the methods used to allocate shares in nearly every major catch share fishery in the world. Approximately 54% of the major catch share fisheries in the world allocated the Total Allowable Catch (TAC) solely on the basis of historical catch records, 3% used auctions, and 6% used equal sharing rules. The remaining 37% used a combination of methods, including vessel-based rules. These results confirm the widely-held belief that nearly all catch share programs have “grandfathered” private access to fishery resources: 91% of the fisheries in the database allocated some fraction of the TAC on the basis of historical catch. This publicly available database should be a useful reference tool for policymakers, academics, and others interested in catch shares management in Hawai'i and across the globe.  相似文献   

中国城市就业结构的特征及其演变   总被引：6，自引：1，他引：6  

田光进  张增祥  周全斌  乔颜友 《地理科学进展》2002,21(3):275-281

通过对 1 999年全国 6 6 7个城市就业结构的分析可以发现 ,我国就业仍然以工业为主 ,金融保险、房地产等第三产业就业比重较低。城市规模不同 ,就业结构也出现差异。规模越大 ,采掘业、建筑业、工业就业比重越小 ;金融保险、科教、行政等服务业比重越大。而商业、交通运输业比重相差较小。我国城市就业结构具有一定的地带差异 ,东部地带工业、金融保险、房地产业相对比较发达 ,从业职工比重较大 ;西部地带城市交通、文教及行政等方面所占比重较高。近 1 0年来 ,我国城市就业结构变化很大 ,总的趋势是科教文卫、商业等第三产业大幅增加 ,工业、行政等行业增长较慢。通过对全国各种行业就业的频率分布可知 ,除采掘业外 ,其它行业多呈正态分布 ,城市专业化程度较低。  相似文献