Spatial and gender inequality in the Kenya certificate of primary education examination results     

《Applied geography (Sevenoaks, England)》2015

Kenya's 8-4-4 system of education consists of 8 years of primary education, 4 years of secondary education, and 4 years of university education. The system was introduced in 1985 with the primary aim of better aligning Kenya's education system with its development aspirations. In particular, the system sought to reduce youth unemployment by offering them life skills training as well as technical and vocational skills. At the completion of 8 years of primary education, students take the national Kenya Certificate of Primary Education (KCPE) exam which tests students in five courses: English, Kiswahili, mathematics, science, and social studies and religious education (SSR). However, since the adoption of the 8-4-4 system, no comprehensive study of the spatial distribution of KCPE exam scores, especially by gender has been done. Thus, this study examines nationwide performance on the 2011 KCPE exam by gender using Geographic Information Systems (GIS) and spatial statistics. Examination scores derived from approximately 17,217 public primary schools and 630,625 students were used in the study. Point pattern analysis was subsequently used to extract useful information from the dataset. A hot spot and cold spot analysis was then performed to see if unusual concentrations of scores exist in space in terms of overall performance, performance by gender, and individual subject scores. Our results show an existence of significant variability in terms of overall performance, performance by gender, and individual subject scores; with males outperforming females in mathematics, science, and SSR. Additionally, we found that proximity to major road networks and urban centers positively influences student performance on the KCPE exam probably because these factors influence the availability of educational resources (such as books and teachers), masterly of English (the language of instruction), teacher supervision, and child teachability.  相似文献   

平均热点参考基准的建立和岩石圈西向漂移的研究          下载免费PDF全文

朱新慧  孙付平  王刃 《地球物理学报》2013,56(8):2603-2612

对于大地测量应用来说,目前IERS机构在定义地球参考系时推荐采用岩石圈无整体旋转(No-Net-Rotation-NNR)约束条件,然而对于地球物理应用来说,相对于NNR参考基准的绝对板块运动数据可能会对地幔对流等研究结果产生误导.考虑到热点的运动,提出建立平均热点(MHS-Medial HotSpot)参考基准的方法,给出建立该基准的约束准则,分别以地学模型NNR-NUVEL1A和实测模型ITRF2005VEL为基础,建立了平均热点参考基准MHS-NUVEL1A和MHS-ITRF2005,并与其它基于热点的绝对板块运动模型进行了比较和分析;讨论了岩石圈的西向漂移,给出了岩石圈相对于下地幔整体旋转的更精确的定量估计,即基于实测的热点参考架MHS-ITRF2005和地学模型NNR-NUVEL1A之间的整体旋转为0.26°/Ma,旋转极在(50°S, 62°E),这与由板块的受力模型给出的岩石圈的整体旋转的旋转极很接近,旋转速率大致快了10%.  相似文献   

天山山区水汽输送气候特征     

杨柳 《沙漠与绿洲气象(新疆气象)》2013,7(3):21-25

应用2000～2011年NCEP/NCAR再分析逐日6h 1 1资料,分析了新疆天山山区对流层不同层次空中水汽输送特征,结果表明：(1)天山山区地面～100 hPa每年平均有11504.1×108t水汽输入,11337.0×108t水汽输出,水汽净收支为167.1×108t,其中西、北边界为输入,东、南边界为输出,对流层中层水汽输送量最大,低层次之,高层最小。天山山区水汽总输入量占全新疆水汽输入量的44.1%。(2)各季节中夏季水汽输送量最大,春季、秋季相当,冬季最小,西边界、北边界均为水汽输入边界,东边界、南边界均为水汽输出边界,对流层中层水汽输入量最大。  相似文献   

区域性极端骤发干旱与传统干旱事件形成过程的对比     

叶天  余锦华  施欣池 《气候变化研究进展》2022,18(3):319-327

2009/2010年云贵地区（YGR）和2013年夏季中南地区（CSC）发生了近几十年以来最严重的干旱事件。文中对比了两次干旱事件的发展速度,基于水分收支原理,诊断影响干旱发展的物理过程。结果显示,CSC干旱发展前,温度升高,蒸散发增加,土壤湿度减少,高温和降水减少对干旱有触发作用;而YGR的降水减少使干旱开始发展。CSC干旱事件发展迅速,YGR干旱事件发展缓慢,同时前者干旱的维持和恢复时间也短于后者,这些差异与蒸散发过程强弱有关。CSC干旱事件发展阶段,蒸散发过程强,平均为4.7 mm/d,8 d时间,土壤湿度从45%减少到20%,促使干旱快速形成（典型骤发干旱）。YGR干旱发展阶段,蒸散发过程弱,平均为1.7 mm/d,土壤湿度从45%减少到20%历时2个多月（传统干旱）。蒸散发的强弱主要与区域大气柱的水汽净辐散有关。CSC干旱发展阶段,其大气柱水汽净辐散达每天3.1 kg/m²,增强了陆气水分交换,使蒸散发远大于降水,土壤湿度快速下降,加快干旱发展速度。YGR的区域大气柱水汽净辐散为每天1.1 kg/m²,只有CSC的1/3,使干旱发展缓慢。两个干旱事件的大气柱水汽净辐散主要发生在经向方向,即由区域北界相对较强的经向水汽输送引起。  相似文献   

有效储层物性下限和产能约束下深层碎屑岩储层多参数分类评价方法          下载免费PDF全文

王艳忠  操应长  远光辉  王淑萍 《地质科学》2012,47(2):483-498

合理的储层分类评价方法对深层碎屑岩储层的油气勘探具有重要的意义。以东营凹陷古近系深层碎屑岩储层为研究对象,总结了一套适合于深层碎屑岩储层的"有效储层物性下限和产能约束下碎屑岩储层多参数分类评价方法",即在储层特征和有效储层物性下限研究的基础上,以孔隙度差值和渗透率差值为对比评价参数,分析有效储层发育的主控因素,通过不同控制因素的耦合对储层进行综合分类,以单井经济产能为约束,评价不同类型储层的经济潜力,并采用多种图件叠合的方法预测有效储层分布规律。研究表明,东营凹陷古近系沙河街组深层主要发育湖底扇、近岸水下扇和洪水—漫湖等储集砂体,发育常压、弱超压、中超压及强超压4种压力系统,主要处在中成岩A₁亚期、中成岩A₂亚期和中成岩B期。在控制有效储层发育的各因素中,沉积作用是最重要的控制因素,成岩作用受控于沉积作用和地层压力。综合考虑有效储层的控制因素,将东营凹陷古近系沙河街组深部储层划分为4类8亚类,以单井经济产能为约束的评价表明,其中Ⅰ类、Ⅱ₁亚类及部分Ⅱ₂亚类储层为优质储层; 部分Ⅱ₂亚类、Ⅲ₁亚类储层为中等有效储层; Ⅱ₃、Ⅲ₂及Ⅲ₃亚类储层实施酸化压裂后部分为低等有效储层; Ⅳ类储层为非有效储层。  相似文献   

大亚湾夏季浮游群落生产代谢特征及其影响因素*     

李尧  向晨晖  江志坚  宋星宇 《热带海洋学报》2021,40(6):83-92

2017年8月对大亚湾海域浮游群落初级生产、群落呼吸代谢及其平衡特征进行了研究, 并分析了其潜在环境影响因素以及对沿岸生态系统功能与健康的指示作用。研究结果表明, 大亚湾夏季海水表层呈自养状态, 而底层呈异养状态, 群落总初级生产力(gross primary productivity, GPP)、呼吸代谢速率(community respiration, CR)与净生产力(net commutnitiy production, NCP)在表层分别为1335.36±910.12、597.86±403.30和737.50±608.22mg C·m^-3·d^-1; 在底层分别为43.65±37.05、216.25±147.28和-160.27±137.01mg C·m^-3·d^-1。海湾整体呈自养状态, 水柱平均NCP为233.41±248.88mg C·m^-3·d^-1; 部分沿岸水域存在异养状态。1~200μm粒级浮游生物是GPP和CR的主要贡献者。相关性分析和主成分分析显示, NCP在表层受GPP和CR共同调控, 且与浮游植物生物量和营养盐正相关; 而在底层主要受CR影响, 且与盐度正相关。大亚湾夏季群落生产代谢平衡存在明显的水平和垂向变化, NCP的区域差异与潜在波动性对该海湾生态系统稳定性及健康状况有重要的指示作用。  相似文献   

贵州西部玄武岩分布区大麦地金矿成矿地质特征     

吴小红  程鹏林  肖成刚  马健 《贵州地质》2013,(4):283-288

大麦地金矿为赋存于峨眉山玄武岩组与茅口组之间因区域构造和热液蚀变作用形成的构造蚀变体（Sbt）中的原生中型金矿床,位于贵州西部峨眉山玄武岩分布区盘县莲花山背斜南东翼.本文系统总结大麦地金矿详查成果,以期对莲花山背斜区域原生金矿找矿提供参考,初步认为贵州西部玄武岩分布区原生金矿找矿具有较大的潜力.  相似文献   

A quantification of the effects of erosion on the productivity of purple soils   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Li Zhao  Jie Jin  Shuhan Du  Gangcai Liu 《山地科学学报》2012,9(1):96-104

Research on the effects of soil erosion on soil productivity has attracted increasing attention.Purple soil is one of the main soil types in China and plays an important role in the national economy.However,the relationship between erosion and the productivity of purple soils has not been well studied.The purpose of this research was to determine if soil depth,which is dependent on the rate of erosion,has an influence on crop yield and growth.Plot and pot experiments at different soil depths were performed.Results indicate that soils from different parental materials had different growth features and crop yields due to the differential fertility of the derived soils.The yield reduction rate increases exponentially with the depth of eroded soil(level of erosion).The yield reduction rate per unit eroded soil horizon(10 cm) is approximately 10.5% for maize and wheat.  相似文献   

地球系统模式中植被净初级生产力百年尺度时空变化及其与气候的关系     

高冬冬  丹利  范广洲  彭静  杨秀静  杨富强  李悦悦 《气候与环境研究》2019,24(6):663-677

利用6个地球系统模式模拟的植被净初级生产力（NPP）对1901～2005年NPP时空变化进行了研究,并结合气候因子分析了NPP的变化与气温和降水的关系。结果表明:（1）近百年来全球NPP呈现上升趋势,模式集合平均的趋势系数为0.88,通过了99.9%的信度检验;北半球的趋势比南半球明显。（3）近百年来800 g(C) m-2 a-1以上的NPP高值区主要分布在南美洲赤道地区、非洲赤道地区、中南半岛和印度尼西亚一带的热带雨林区;低值区主要分布在北半球高纬度地区、非洲北部地区、亚洲大陆干旱半干旱区以及青藏高原西北部地区。（3）全球NPP与气温百年演变在大部分地区主要为正相关关系,仅在赤道附近的南美洲、非洲以及印度地区为负相关关系,主要由于这些地区辐射是NPP的限制因子。全球NPP与降水的百年变化在大部分地区也主要是正相关关系,在非洲北部到西亚中亚的干旱半干旱地区为负相关关系。（4）6个地球系统模式在全球21个区域的大部分地区的NPP和气温降水的变化关系较为一致,西非地区不同模式变化不一致,NPP模拟的不确定性较大,其次是地中海地区。（5）东亚地区NPP与气候的百年演变同步并且相关性高,反映了强烈的植被大气相互作用过程。  相似文献   

High primary productivity and f-ratio in summer in the Ulleung basin of the East/Japan Sea     

《Deep Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers》2013

To better understand the cause of high summer primary productivity in the Ulleung Basin located in the southwest part of the East/Japan Sea, the spatial dynamics of primary, new, and regenerated productivities (PP, NP, and RP) were examined along the path of the Tsushima Warm Current system in summer 2008. We compared hydrographic and chemical parameters in the Ulleung Basin with those of the Kuroshio Current in the Western Pacific Ocean and the East China Sea. In summer, integrated primary productivity (IPP, 0.37–0.96 g C m⁻² d⁻¹) and integrated new productivity (INP, 26–221 mg N m⁻² d⁻¹) within the euphotic zone in the Ulleung Basin were higher than those in the East China Sea and the Western Pacific Ocean (0.17–0.28 g C m⁻² d⁻¹, 2−5 mg N m⁻² d⁻¹, respectively). In contrast, there was no pronounced spatial variation in integrated regenerated productivity (IRP, 43–824 mg N m⁻² d⁻¹). Strong positive correlations between IPP and INP (also the f-ratio), and between nitrate uptake rate in the mixed layer and nitrate upward flux through the top of pycnocline in summer in the Ulleung Basin imply that the high IPP was mainly supported by supply of nitrate from the underlying water in the euphotic zone. Shallowing of the pycnocline depth as the current enters the East/Japan Sea facilitates nitrate supply from the nutrient-replete cold water immediately below the pycnocline through nitrate upward flux. A subsurface maximum in PP at or above the pycnocline and a high f-ratio further support the importance of this source of nitrate for maintaining the high summer PP in the Ulleung Basin. In comparison, the high PP layer was observed at the surface in the following fall and spring in the Ulleung Basin. Our results demonstrate the importance of hydrographic features in enhancing PP in this oligotrophic Tsushima Warm Current system.  相似文献