梅里雪山地区气温和降水的时空分异及海拔效应     

缪文飞  刘时银  朱钰  段仕美  韩丰泽 《气候变化研究进展》2022,18(3):328-342

梅里雪山地区是中国地形起伏最大的地区之一,其气候环境复杂多变、空间分异特征显著,对区域气温和降水的系统分析有助于揭示区域内冰川变化的原因和水文循环过程。站点观测的缺乏和再分析资料的低空间分辨率是精细刻画该地区气象条件的主要制约因素。研究中首先基于有限站点观测,采用尺度因子法和月尺度的回归校正对ERA5-Land产品进行校准;然后,考虑气温和降水的海拔效应,采用Anusplin插值的方式对校准后的结果进行统计降尺度。最终获得了梅里雪山地区近30年(1990—2020年）1 km空间分辨率的气温、降水数据,并以此分析了这一地区降水、气温的时空异质性及其在不同海拔梯度上的表现特征。结果表明,区域气温以0.15℃/(10 a)的速率呈显著上升趋势,且各季节升温的幅度及分布范围各异;降水则以-41.19 mm/(10 a)的速率呈显著下降趋势,整个区域呈“变暖变干”的倾向。区域增温具有明显的海拔依赖性,海拔低于4000 m和>5000 m时,增温不随海拔变化而变化,当海拔处于4000~5000 m时,增温幅度随海拔升高而增加。区域降水也具有显著的海拔梯度效应,当海拔<5000 m时,西坡降水随海拔的升高而减少,当超过该海拔后降水随海拔升高而增加;东坡降水始终随海拔升高而增加。梅里雪山气候变化的时空分异特征是大气环流背景和复杂地理环境共同作用的结果。区域持续的变暖及降水的减少可能会进一步加重该区冰川水资源的流失。  相似文献   

黑龙江大兴安岭地区航磁异常特征及找矿效果   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1       下载免费PDF全文

史建民 胡鑫丁继双  吕石佳 《中国地质》2014,41(2):611-620

利用大兴安岭地区1∶5万高精度航磁资料,结合区域地质背景分析了该区航磁异常特征,依据地物化资料、已知矿(床)点的分布及成矿规律筛选出了一批航磁异常。在最新的高精度航磁图上,已知铁矿异常特征明显,经对比研究及综合查证发现了1处磁铁矿点及多处有色金属、贵金属矿点,在此基础上总结了查证经验,指明了今后采用航磁数据在区内的找矿方向。  相似文献   

Snow avalanche susceptibility evaluation in the central Shaluli Mountains of Tibetan Plateau based on machine learning method北大核心CSCD     

文洪  巫锡勇  赵思远  边瑞  周桂宇  孟少伟  孙春卫 《冰川冻土》2022,44(6):1694-1706

Snow avalanches,which are widely and frequently developed at high elevations,seriously threatens the built traffic corridors in the Tibetan Plateau. Susceptibility evaluation of snow avalanche via machine learning model with a high forecast accuracy can be appled to quickly and effectively assess the regional avalanche risk. This paper took the central Shaluli Mountain region as the study area,in which the snow avalanche inventory was established through remote sensing interpretation and field investigation verification. We quantitatively extracted 17 evaluation factors via GIS-based analysis,and these factors were selected through the variance expansion factor（VIF）. Four machine learning models containing SVM,DT,MLP and KNN were used to compile the susceptibility index map of snow avalanches,and kappa coefficient and ROC curve were used to verify the accuracy. The results suggested that the susceptibility indexes obtained from SVM,DT,MLP and KNN were in the range of［0,0. 964］,［0,815］,［0,0. 995］and［0,1］,respectively. The accuracy test results show that these four models all have good prediction accuracy. Among them,the SVM model is the best. The results also indicated that the areas with the high snow avalanche susceptibility mainly distributed in Genie Mountain and Rigong Mountain,most of which were above the planation surface of the Tibetan Plateau. The average altitude of the extremely high snow-avalanche-prone areas is 4 939 m,while the average altitude of the high snow avalanche-prone areas is 4 859 m. The snow avalanche has low perniciousness on the Sichuan-Tibet Highway and the Sichuan-Tibet Railway in the study area. This study can provide theoretical basis and method reference for disaster prevention and mitigation of snow avalanche along Sichuan-Tibet Railway and other major projects across Shaluli Mountains region. © 2022 Science Press (China).  相似文献   

The importance of being reliable – Local ecological knowledge and management of forage plants in a dryland pastoral system (Morocco)     

《Journal of Arid Environments》2013

In dryland rangelands with their high environmental variability, local ecological knowledge of forage plants is essential for management decisions. Ecological apparency hypothesis (EAH) predicts plants' availability and visibility to be important criteria for local valuation. However, EAH has mainly been tested in low-variability systems. We ask whether EAH is valid for forage plants in drylands; which other local criteria exist; and how criteria are connected to management decisions.In a Moroccan pastoral system, we applied a novel ethnobotanical method by calculating the Cognitive Salience Index (CSI) for plants' valuation (CSI_antro) and availability (CSI_eco). To evaluate explicit criteria, we correlated palatability and nutritive value to CSI_anthro. ANCOVAs related CSI_anthro to EAH criteria (CSI_eco and lifetime) and to plant occurrence on pasture types. We found EAH criteria to better predict CSI_antro than explicit criteria. Apparent plants from semi-arid pastures were more valued than those from arid pastures (HSD; p < 0.05). We introduce the criterion of reliability into EAH to explain this, and demonstrate how pastoralists adjust management decisions to resource reliability. Linking resource valuation to management decisions can thus improve our understanding of resilience mechanisms. Our study also confirms the validity of EAH for forage species and dryland environments.  相似文献   

Systems Theory in Physical Geography     

Arthur N. Strahler 《自然地理学》2013,34(1):1-27

Information used in systems is organized into a hierarchy of five levels, following W. H. Terjung; first, collected data; second, sets of morphological variables; third, flow systems of energy and matter; fourth, process-form systems; fifth, systems regulated by cybernetic feedback. System variables, rigorously defined by dimensional analysis, are grouped into four classes: A. dynamic variables related to energy force, and stress; B. mass-flow variables expressing rates of flow of matter; C. geometry variables describing size and form within systems; D. material-property variables, including environmental constants and regulator variables. The second level of systems analysis interrelates a set of morphological elements in a meaningful way in terms of system origin or function. Correlation and regression methods establish significant relationships among variables, which may be stated as empirical or rational equations based on field or laboratory observations. Open energy flow systems and open or closed material flow systems of the third level can be described by dimensionally correct equations or by schematic flow diagrams. Process-form systems of the fourth level are characterized by self-regulation through physical feedback loops. Cybernetic feedback characterizes the fifth level and links natural systems to those regulated or disturbed by human intervention.  相似文献   

Phase Changes in Linear Solar-Terrestrial Relationships and a Review of the Electrification Hypothesis     

John M. Harlin 《自然地理学》2013,34(2):108-125

It appears that relatively strong linear relationships between solar activity and various weather phenomena are forthcoming only if the analyses relate to specific solar periods or are con ducted for specific geographic locations. Solar periods in this instance are defined according to the amplitude of the 11-year sunspot cycle. The sign for correlation coefficients between weather ele ments under investigation and solar activity often change according to solar amplitude. However, these phase changes may not weaken arguments in favor of sun-weather hypotheses.

Atmospheric teleconnection provides a logical explanation for phase changes over space within specific time frames, and variations in solar-amplitude relate to reversals in phase with space held constant. Previous research of large pressure systems in the tropics and mid-latitudes as well as re gional variations in annual precipitation outlined in this research indicate that a change in sign for the linear sun-weather relationship occurred between 1930 and 1940. Between 1930 and 1940, the amplitude of the solar cycle also changed. The incredibly complex nature of the climatic change equation along with the lack of an explicit physical link between solar-activity and the lower atmo sphere are serious deterrents for broad acceptance of a solar-weather connection. It is suggested, however, that recent research on a possible electrical stimulus might go far in establishing the solar hypothesis as a credible one.  相似文献   

STORAGE OF MINING-RELATED ZINC IN FLOODPLAIN SEDIMENTS,BLUE RIVER,WISCONSIN     

Scott A. Lecce  Robert T. Pavlowsky 《自然地理学》2013,34(5):424-439

This study investigates spatial patterns of sediment-associated zinc (Zn) storage in floodplain deposits and the potential reintroduction of these metal-contaminated sediments to the active channel by bank erosion. We estimate patterns of Zn mass storage by combining longitudinal trends in Zn concentrations with measurements of sediment mass storage in overbank and point-bar deposits. Overbank deposits are the largest contaminant sink, storing five times more Zn than the point-bar deposits. While Zn concentrations decrease downstream because of dilution effects, the total mass of Zn stored in floodplains is greatest in both the upstream reaches and in the wider lower valleys where low channel gradients promote rapid sedimentation. Zn storage is low in middle reaches where steep, narrow valleys with high stream power favor sediment transport over deposition. Overall, more than half of the Zn released by mining remains stored in floodplain deposits within the watershed. The remobilization of Zn from storage is more likely in the upstream and mid-basin reaches where high stream power increases rates of lateral channel migration. Channels in the lower valley lack the stream power to migrate laterally and remobilize the large Zn mass stored in overbank sediments. [Key words: floodplains, Zn contamination, mining, stream power, Wisconsin.]  相似文献   

Synoptic Classification of Snowfall Events in the Great Smoky Mountains,USA     

《自然地理学》2013,34(2):156-171

Mean annual snowfall in the Great Smoky Mountains National Park (GSMNP) exhibits considerable spatial variability, ranging from 30 cm in the valleys to 254 cm at higher elevations. Snowfall can be tied to a variety of synoptic classes (e.g., Miller A or B cyclones, 500 hPa cutoff lows), but the frequency and significance of different synoptic classes have not been fully assessed, particularly at higher elevations. In this paper, we manually classify all snowfall events during the period 1991 to 2004 according to a synoptic classification scheme, calculate mean annual snowfall by 850 hPa wind direction and synoptic class, and develop composite plots of various synoptic fields. Hourly observations from nearby first-order stations and 24 hr snowfall totals from five sites within the GSMNP are used to define snowfall events. NCEP/NCAR reanalysis data are used to develop composite plots of various synoptic fields for cyclones passing south and then east of the area (e.g., Miller A cyclones). Results indicate that over 50% of the mean annual snowfall at higher elevations occurs in association with low-level northwest flow, and that Miller A cyclones contribute the greatest amount to mean annual snowfall at all elevations.  相似文献   

部分格罗夫山陨石的类型划分及其矿物岩石学特征          下载免费PDF全文

李世杰  王世杰刘燊 李雄耀李阳  尚颖丽 《极地研究》2013,25(4):369-377

对99块南极格罗夫山陨石的研究表明这些陨石分别属于普通球粒陨石H群、L群、LL群,橄辉无球粒陨石和碳质球粒陨石。其中普通球粒陨石H3为1块,H4为23块,H5为9块,H6为8块,L4为2块,L5为21块,L6为31块,LL4和LL6分别为一块。GRV 022888为橄榄石-易变辉石无球粒陨石,GRV 023159是一块CV3碳质球粒陨石。这些陨石的冲击程度普遍较高,冲击程度为S4的普通球粒陨石有15块,GRV 023138中出现了冲击熔融现象,该陨石的冲击程度为S5,这些样品为研究小行星早期的冲击作用提供了很好的素材。此外,这些陨石的风化程度普遍较低,风化程度为W1的陨石为75块,未见风化程度高于W4的陨石。  相似文献   

东南极格罗夫山：普里兹造山带中一个典型的泛非期变质地体   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2       下载免费PDF全文

刘晓春  赵越  胡健民  刘小汉  曲玮 《极地研究》2013,25(1):7-24

提要：距我国中山站以南约400 km的格罗夫山是普里兹造山带向南极内陆的延伸部分,其基底地体由约在920?910 Ma期间侵入的镁铁质－长英质火成岩和少量中元古代的沉积岩构成,这些岩石仅在泛非期（约570?500 Ma）经历了单相变质－构造旋回,因此是一个典型的泛非期变质地体。泛非期高峰变质作用并不象前人所认为的那样仅为中低压麻粒岩相,而是高达770?840?C、1.18?1.40 GPa,并在随后经历了近等温减压（约0.6 GPa）的P-T演化过程。大规模的A型紫苏花岗岩和花岗岩在同造山－后造山阶段侵位,并造成了麻粒岩地体近等压降温的P-T轨迹。这些花岗质岩石是由长期富集地幔的底侵物质（碱性玄武质岩石）经部分溶融而形成的。结合相邻地质体的研究资料,我们认为普里兹造山带可能发育在太古宙－格林维尔期基底地体之上,这些基底地体可能与新元古代（？）盖层卷入到了统一的泛非期造山作用过程。在泛非期造山作用过程中,地壳曾被增厚约达40?50 km,而后又经历了厚约20 km的地壳伸展垮塌和剥蚀。所以,普里兹造山带应代表东冈瓦纳陆块内部由板块缝合作用所形成的一条泛非期碰撞造山带。  相似文献