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21.
Syud Amer Ahmed Noah S. Diffenbaugh Thomas W. Hertel David B. Lobell Navin Ramankutty Ana R. Rios Pedram Rowhani 《Global Environmental Change》2011,21(1):46-55
Climate volatility could change in the future, with important implications for agricultural productivity. For Tanzania, where food production and prices are sensitive to climate, changes in climate volatility could have severe implications for poverty. This study uses climate model projections, statistical crop models, and general equilibrium economic simulations to determine how the vulnerability of Tanzania's population to impoverishment by climate variability could change between the late 20th Century and the early 21st Century. Under current climate volatility, there is potential for a range of possible poverty outcomes, although in the most extreme of circumstances, poverty could increase by as many as 650,000 people due to an extreme interannual decline in grain yield. However, scenarios of future climate from multiple climate models indicate no consensus on future changes in temperature or rainfall volatility, so that either an increase or decrease is plausible. Scenarios with the largest increases in climate volatility are projected to render Tanzanians increasingly vulnerable to poverty through impacts on staple grains production in agriculture, with as many as 90,000 additional people entering poverty on average. Under the scenario where precipitation volatility decreases, poverty vulnerability decreases, highlighting the possibility of climate changes that oppose the ensemble mean, leading to poverty impacts of opposite sign. The results suggest that evaluating potential changes in volatility and not just the mean climate state may be important for analyzing the poverty implications of climate change. 相似文献
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Strengthening conceptual foundations: Analysing frameworks for ecosystem services and poverty alleviation research 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Janet A. Fisher Genevieve Patenaude Patrick Meir Andrea J. Nightingale Mark D.A. Rounsevell Mathew Williams Iain H. Woodhouse 《Global Environmental Change》2013,23(5):1098-1111
A research agenda is currently developing around the linkages between ecosystem services and poverty alleviation. It is therefore timely to consider which conceptual frameworks can best support research at this nexus. Our review of frameworks synthesises existing research on poverty/environment linkages that should not be overlooked with the adoption of the topical language of ecosystem services. A total of nine conceptual frameworks were selected on the basis of relevance. These were reviewed and compared to assess their ability to illuminate the provision of ecosystem services, the condition, determinants and dynamics of poverty, and political economy factors that mediate the relationship between poverty and ecosystem services. The paper synthesises the key contributions of each of these frameworks, and the gaps they expose in one another, drawing out lessons that can inform emerging research. Research on poverty alleviation must recognize social differentiation, and be able to distinguish between constraints of access and constraints of aggregate availability of ecosystem services. Different frameworks also highlight important differences between categories of services, their pathways of production, and their contribution to poverty alleviation. Furthermore, we highlight that it is important to acknowledge the limits of ecosystem services for poverty alleviation, given evidence that ecosystem services tend to be more associated with poverty prevention than reduction. We conclude by reflecting on the relative merits of dynamic Social–Ecological Systems frameworks versus more static checklists, and suggest that research on ecosystem services and poverty alleviation would be well served by a new framework distilling insights from the frameworks we review. 相似文献
23.
Recent decades have seen the rural areas of developing and emerging countries undergo significant structural changes. They are the source of several pertinent international concerns, including extreme poverty and hunger, and rising spatial and interpersonal disparities, challenges that national governments and the international community have made limited headway in alleviating to date. By analysing the range of rural development approaches implemented in recent decades, we develop a picture in which territorial approaches have become more mainstream. Since the turn of the century in particular they have gradually supplanted more traditional place-neutral approaches, which, we argue, have served to increase rural-urban disparities and exasperate the incidence of poverty in rural areas. Rural territorial development approaches, where able to mobilise sufficient participation and coordination between local stakeholders, civil society, and various multi-level actors, offer the most favourable means of gaining a better understanding of the many social, economic, institutional assets within a region. They can be harnessed to drive brands of regional development that are not only sustainable, but also more equitable and inclusive across different segments of the population and territories. 相似文献
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The favela and its touristic transits 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
The article discusses the development of the favela into a tourist attraction. Rocinha, Rio de Janeiro, is the paradigmatic “tourist favela”, with tours taking place regularly since the early 1990s and with three thousand tourists visiting the site each month. The development of the favela into a tourist destination is seen as part of the so-called reality tours phenomenon and of the global circulation of the favela as a trademark. The methodology included different strategies: long interviews with qualified informants, field observation, and participant observation in different tours. The article concludes with some thoughts on tourism activities in impoverished areas. 相似文献
26.
Jordanian authorities have achieved a nearly one hundred percent connection rate to municipal water supply services in urban areas. Following this unusual achievement for a lower-income country, a private management contractor was introduced to the capital city Amman, along with a form of economic regulation. However, water rationing due to extreme water scarcity, amplified by high and irregular population growth, disproportionately affects the city’s low-income households. This paper investigates the status of water supply service and regulatory arrangements with respect to poor and vulnerable consumers who were targeted in a household survey in June/July 2005. It identifies specific regulatory challenges which were not within the remit of or addressed by the acting quasi-regulator and the water authorities. In its extremes of connection coverage, water scarcity and population, the management of water supply in Amman presages the pro-poor water service challenge of many, even lower income, economies irrespective of the extent to which they may achieve the access targets of the Millennium Development Goals. 相似文献
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三西地区扶贫开发决策支持系统研究 总被引：3，自引：1，他引：2
结合三西地区扶贫开发工作实践,研究了三西地区扶贫开发决策支持系统（ＤｅｃｉｓｉｏｎＳｕｐｐｏｒｔＳｙｓｔｅｍｏｆＰｏｖｅｒｔｙＡｌｅｖｉａｔｉｏｎａｎｄＤｅｖｅｌｏｐｍｅｎｔｉｎＳａｎｘｉＲｅｇｉｏｎ,简记为ＳＸＤＳＳ）。文章着重探讨了系统的用户需求及功能与结构设计,系统的特点及运行环境与应用问题。 相似文献
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Although food pantries have become a crucial component of the food landscapes in many countries, so far they have rarely been included in research on the food environment. This study aims to map and analyze the relation between the proportion of adult food pantry users and child food pantry recipients as well as compositional and structural characteristics of areas in Berlin, Germany.Publicly accessible data including the percentage of adults and children receiving welfare and those with migration background were used to characterize area composition. Investigated structural resources included the availability of discount stores, stops of the public transport as well as 44 food pantries throughout the city. Small spatial units of two incongruent spatial area data sets were denominated to characterize the 44 food pantry areas and the areas within walking distance (1000 m) to a food pantry. Linear multiple regression models were conducted to model the proportion of food pantry recipients among adults and children. Results of the study showed that the proportion of child food pantry recipients was more than twice as high compared to the proportion of adult food pantry users, with large variations between pantries. The distribution of food pantries largely mirrored the distribution of welfare recipients in Berlin. Results of multiple regression analyses suggested that the percentage of adults receiving welfare benefits and the number of stops around a food pantry were positively, and the percentage of adults with migration background was negatively related to the proportion of adult food pantry users. Among children, the percentage of children receiving welfare benefits, the number of discount grocery stores per 1000 children, and the number of stops around a food pantry were positively related to the proportion of food pantry recipients. Results of the spatial analyses can be used to improve the allocation of social and food services to support impoverished people. Future studies could investigate whether there are unmet needs of food assistance services among inhabitants with migration background. 相似文献
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中国贫困地区环境类型研究 总被引：13，自引：2，他引：11
本文指出贫困是困惑人类发展的世界性难题.中国存在592个重点扶贫县,按照环境特点可分为三大类型,即:(1)中部山地高原环境脆弱贫困带,包括蒙古高原东南边缘风蚀沙化贫困区、黄土高原沟壑水土严重流失贫困区、秦巴山地生态恶化贫困区、喀斯特高原丘陵环境危急贫困区、横断山脉高山峡谷封闭型贫困区等类型;(2)西部沙漠高寒山原环境恶劣贫困带,包括新疆、青海及西藏三省区的沙漠地区及青藏高原高寒区等类型;(3)东部平原山丘环境危急及革命根据地孤岛型贫困带,包括东北沿边地区、华北平原低洼盐碱地区;东部岛状分布的丘陵山区革命根据地贫困区.文中还论述了环境与贫困度的关系,即环境愈脆弱,贫困度愈高,脱贫难度愈大.但致贫因子又错综复杂,在某些特殊情况下,自然环境较好,而交通闭塞,信息不灵,技术落后,也阻碍致富.同一环境不同的政策机制,可以引发不同的结果.环境改造与脱贫,一定要有宏观战略规划和分类指导的方案,并有切实可行的操作办法.贫困地区即使解决了温饱,依然是低标准,向贫困开战仍将是21世纪中国的一项艰巨工程,只不过那时的贫困线划定标准有所变化而已. 相似文献
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Community control of resources and the challenge of improving local livelihoods: A critical examination of community forestry in Nepal 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
Community forestry in Nepal vests rights of access, use, exclusion, and management of national forestland to local user groups. There is strong potential for community forests to serve as the basis for improving the quality of life and the status of livelihoods in rural Nepal while conserving forest resources. Frequently, community forest user groups are dominated by local elites who choose to close access to community forestland for several years. As a result, forest conditions are improving, but the poorest households bear the cost of strict protection. In this paper I argue that community forestry is thus having rather limited success at improving rural livelihoods. Although community forestry is fairly successful at conservation, there remain huge wealth disparities between community forest member households, limited access to vital forest products, and significant power disparities within community forest user groups. Such conditions of inequity, reinforced by current community forestry policy and practice, severely challenge the development potential of community-controlled natural resources. In Nepal, overcoming these challenges may require a change in policy that mandates more inclusive local decision-making. 相似文献