Tidally induced mean flow over bathymetric features: a contemporary challenge for high-resolution wide-area models     

Jeff A. Polton 《地球物理与天体物理流体动力学》2015,109(3):207-215

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新疆阿克苏河上游高寒草甸蒸散发观测与估算     

郭淑海  杨国靖  李清峰  赵传成 《冰川冻土》2015,37(1):241-248

蒸散发是水循环的关键环节, 是水量平衡的重要组成部分. 由于在高寒山区进行长期野外观测的难度较大, 导致对区域实际蒸散发的认识不清, 从而无法明确区域水资源分配与不同植被的生态水文功能. 在天山山区, 高寒草甸占其总面积近15%, 其对降水的调节作用巨大, 但目前高寒草甸的实际蒸散发量多用潜在蒸散发进行推算, 缺少实际观测数据. 2012年10月-2013年9月, 利用3个小型蒸渗仪观测了阿克苏河上游科其喀尔冰川综合考察站附近山区的高寒草甸的实际蒸散量, 并尝试利用最小二乘支持向量机(LS-SVM)估算实际蒸散发. 结果表明:研究区高寒草甸全年内实测蒸散量511.3 mm, 日均蒸散量为1.4 mm·d^-1; 在不同时期, 蒸散量变化剧烈, 冻结期、生长前期、生长期和生长后期的蒸散量分别为53.9、41.0、363.8和52.6 mm, 分别占全年蒸散量的10.5%、8.0%、71.2%和10.3%. 最小二乘支持向量机对实际蒸散发的估算精度较高, 对观测资料相对缺乏的高寒山区来说, 不失为一种较好的估算蒸散发方法.  相似文献   

Spatial and temporal change in the potential evapotranspiration sensitivity to meteorological factors in China (1960?2007)   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3  

LIU Changming  ZHANG Dan  LIU Xiaomang  ZHAO Changsen 《地理学报》2012,22(1):3-14

Potential evapotranspiration (E0), as an estimate of the evaporative demand of the atmosphere, has been widely studied in the fields of irrigation management, crop water demand and predictions in ungauged basins (PUBs). Analysis of the sensitivity of E0 to meteorological factors is a basic research on the impact of climate change on water resources, and also is important to the optimal allocation of agricultural water resources. This paper dealt with sensitivity of E0 over China, which was divided into ten drainage systems, including Songhua River basin, Liaohe River basin, Haihe River basin, Yellow River basin, Yangtze River basin, Pearl River basin, Huaihe River drainage system, Southeast river drainage system, Northwest river drainage system and Southwest river drainage system. In addition, the calculation method of global radiation in Penman-Monteith formula was improved by optimization, and the sensitivities of Penman-Monteith potential evapotranspiration to the daily maximum temperature (STmax), daily minimum temperature (STmin), wind speed (SU2), global radiation (SRs) and vapor pressure (SVP) were calculated and analyzed based on the long-term meteorological data from 653 meteorological stations in China during the period 1960-2007. Results show that: (1) the correlation coefficient between E0 and pan evaporation increased from 0.61 to 0.75. E0 had the decline trends in eight of ten drainage systems in China, which indicates that “pan evaporation paradox” commonly exists in China from 1960 to 2007. (2) Spatially, Tmax was the most sensitive factor in Haihe River basin, Yellow River basin, Huaihe River drainage system, Yangtze River basin, Pearl River basin and Southeast river drainage system, and VP was the most sensitive factor in Songhua River Basin, Liaohe River basin, Northwest river drainage system while Rs was the most sensitive factor in Southwest river drainage system. For the nation-wide average, the most sensitive factor was VP, followed by Tmax, Rs, U2 and Tmin. In addition, the changes in sensitivity coefficients had a certain correlation with elevation. (3) Temporally, the maximum values of STmax and SRs occurred in July, while the maximum values of STmin, SVP and SU2 occurred in January. Moreover, trend analysis indicates that STmax had decline trends, while STmin, SU2, SRs and SVP had increasing  相似文献   

Regional diversification in the Norwegian fish-processing industry     

《Norsk geografisk tidsskrift. Norwegian journal of geography》2012,66(1):17-25

The fish-processing industry, one of the most important industries of coastal Norway, consists of approximately 500 firms employing 12,500 people. This article draws attention to the regional specialisation of the Norwegian fish-processing industry. Changes in the level of activity and in profitability at the regional level can to a large extent be linked to characteristics of the regional production system in different areas. In order to develop a more profitable and market-oriented industry, we argue for a regionalised policy approach that encourages the establishment of inter-firm relations and collective learning processes at the level of the regional production milieux. A regionalisation of the national policy would be the most sustainable way of stimulating more efficient longterm business strategies in this industry.  相似文献   

“蒸发悖论”在黄河流域的探讨   总被引：14，自引：1，他引：13  

马雪宁  张明军  王圣杰  马潜  潘淑坤 《地理学报》2012,67(5):645-656

利用黄河流域72个气象站点1960-2010年的气象资料,系统分析了过去51年间气温、降水量以及潜在蒸散量的变化趋势,研究了气温、降水量与潜在蒸散量之间的长期变化趋势关系,对影响潜在蒸散量下降的主要因子进行了探讨,重点对黄河流域是否存在“蒸发悖论”进行验证.研究结果表明:(1)过去51年间,黄河流域内气温增加显著、潜在蒸散量呈下降趋势,总体上存在“蒸发悖论”;(2)“蒸发悖论”具有空间上和时间上的不一致性,随着气温增加,春、夏、冬三季潜在蒸散量呈减少趋势,减少区域主要集中于山西、河南大部分区域以及甘肃、宁夏、内蒙古、陕西等少部分区域;时间上主要表现在1960-1979年潜在蒸散量变化趋势不明显,1980-2010年气温与潜在蒸散量变化趋势在空间分布上的逆向关系更加明显;(3)过去51年间,降水量无论是年际还是夏、秋季变化趋势都不明显,降水量与潜在蒸散量时空变化分布上大体呈现逆向变化关系;(4)从气象要素变化对潜在蒸散量变化的贡献率来看,近51年来风速的明显减小是导致黄河流域潜在蒸散量减少的主导因素.  相似文献   

The Impacts of the Interannual Variability of Vegetation on the Interannual Variability of Global Evapotranspiration: A Modeling Study          下载免费PDF全文

CHEN Hao  ZENG Xiao-Dong 《大气和海洋科学快报》2012,5(3):225-230

The impact of the interannual variability (IAV) of vegetation on the IAV of evapotranspiration is investigated with the Community Land Model (CLM3.0) and modified Dynamic Global Vegetation Model (DGVM). Two sets of 50-year off-line simulations are used in this study. The simulations begin with the same initial surface-water and heat states and are driven by the same atmospheric forcing data. The vegetation exhibits interannual variability in one simulation but not in the other simulation. However, the climatological means for the vegetation are the same. The IAV of the 50-year annual total evapotranspiration and its three partitions (ground evaporation, canopy evaporation, and transpiration) are analyzed. The global distribution of the evapotranspiration IAV and the statistics of evapotranspiration and its components in different ecosystems show that the IAV of ground evaporation is generally large in areas dominated by grass and deciduous trees, whereas the IAV of canopy evaporation and transpiration is large in areas dominated by bare soil and shrubs. For ground evaporation, canopy evaporation, and transpiration, the changes in IAV are larger than the mean state over most grasslands and shrublands. The study of two sites with the same IAV in the leaf area index (LAI) shows that the component with the smaller contribution to the total evapotranspiration is more sensitive to the IAV of vegetation. The IAV of the three components of evapotranspiration increases with the IAV of the fractional coverage (FC) and the LAI. The ground evaporation IAV shows the greatest increase, whereas the canopy evaporation shows the smallest increase.  相似文献   

降尺度方法在中国不同区域夏季降水预测中的应用   总被引：5，自引：1，他引：4  

顾伟宗  陈丽娟  李维京  陈德亮 《气象学报》2012,70(2):202-212

在中国降水气候分区的基础上,利用降尺度方法进行区域夏季降水预测(RSPP),预测模型建立的基础是寻找影响区域气候的关键因子。降尺度预测模型中使用的资料有国家气候中心海-气耦合模式(CGCM/NCC)回报资料、NCEP/NCAR再分析资料和台站观测资料。为了避免年代际变化特征对季节尺度降水预测的影响,首先对CGCM/NCC模式输出资料、NCEP/NCAR再分析资料、区域平均降水资料去除年代际线性变化趋势,即去除所有预报因子场和预报对象场的长期变化趋势。然后分别计算预报对象和模式资料的预报因子场以及再分析资料的预报因子场的相关系数,把相关系数值同时达到0.05显著性检验水平的区域平均环流特征作为预测因子,保证挑选出的预测因子既能反映实际大气中预测因子与预报对象的关系,同时又是海-气耦合模式预测的高技巧信息。利用最优子集回归作为转换函数的降尺度方法建立区域夏季降水预测模型。交叉检验和独立样本检验结果表明,文中设计的区域夏季降水预测模型对中国大部分地区的夏季降水趋势预测的准确率较高且比较稳定,其预测效果远高于CGCM/NCC直接输出降水结果。进一步对具有较高预测技巧的代表性区域的可预报性来源分析发现,物理意义明确且独立性强的预测因子有助于提高预测准确率。  相似文献   

RegCM3对中国淮河流域降水模拟能力的检验及分析   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

宗培书  王会军 《气象学报》2012,70(2):253-260

检验了区域气候模式RegCM3(Regional Climate Model version3)对中国淮河流域(30°55′—36°36′N,111°55′—121°25′E)1982—2001年夏季降水及大尺度环流场的模拟能力,并选取降水明显偏多的2003年夏季为个例,评估了RegCM3模式对该年淮河流域夏季降水的集合模拟能力。模拟的20a降水的空间分布与实测资料对比表明,RegCM3成功地模拟出了淮河流域夏季降水的空间分布和年际变化;通过分析对比RegCM3模拟出的低层850hPa流场结构和水汽输送状况与实测情况,可知RegCM3能模拟出低层流场结构的大致分布和水汽输送特点,但模拟所得风速和湿度均比实况偏大。对2003年淮河流域夏季降水的集合模拟结果表明,RegCM3对中小尺度极端强降水的降水量和降水中心的模拟能力尚有待进一步提高。  相似文献   

气候变化对东亚沙尘气溶胶影响的数值模拟     

张冬峰  朱敏嘉  王义  魏丹宁 《山西气象》2012,(3):12-20

使用RegCM3-dust区域气候模式,单向嵌套MIROC3．2-hires全球模式输出结果,在IPCCA1B温室气体排放情景下,对中国及东亚地区进行了当代（1991年-2000年）和未来（2091年-2100年）水平分辨率为50km的气候以及沙尘气溶胶数值模拟试验。结果表明,模式对中国地区地面气温、降水和东亚沙尘气溶胶空间分布模拟较好。未来东亚沙尘气溶胶年平均起沙通量增加2％,其中12月-3月由于地表积雪量的减少而增加,4月-11月由于10m风速的减小而减少,不同强度的强起沙事件同样12月-3月增加,4月-11月减少。年平均沙尘气溶胶柱含量增加14％,其中3月-5月和8月略减少,其它月份增加。沙尘气溶胶引起地面（SRF）负辐射强迫和沙尘源区大气顶（TOA）正辐射强迫、下游地区TOA负辐射强迫,受沙尘气溶胶辐射强迫的影响,地面起沙通量和柱含量减少。  相似文献   

国际区域旅游合作模式研究——以中国东北与俄、蒙毗邻地区为例     

陈雪婷  陈才  徐淑梅 《世界地理研究》2012,(3):152-159

在世界经济全球化背景下,区域旅游合作成为近年世界旅游发展的重要趋势。世界旅游重心的东移,更为东北亚区域旅游发展带来良好契机。目前,中国东北与俄、蒙毗邻地区互为市场、互为目的地的旅游格局已经形成。在共同的发展需求和相关理论的指导下,其国际区域旅游合作在把握空间发展格局的基础上,确定不同发展阶段的合作方式,并以实现区域范围内的"无障碍旅游"为最终目标。  相似文献