Assessment of liquefaction and lateral spreading on the shore of Lake Sapanca during the Kocaeli (Turkey) earthquake     

A. Kan&#x;bir  R. Ulusay   . Aydan 《Engineering Geology》2006,83(4):307-331

The 1999 Kocaeli earthquake of Turkey (M_w = 7.4) caused great destruction to buildings, bridges and other facilities, and a death tall of about 20,000. During this earthquake, severe damages due to soil liquefaction and associated ground deformations also occurred widespread in the eastern Marmara Region of Turkey. Soil liquefaction was commonly observed along the shorelines. One of these typical sites is Sapanca town founded on the shore of Lake Sapanca. This study was undertaken as quantitative measurement of ground deformations induced by liquefaction along the southern shore of Lake Sapanca. The permanent lateral ground deformation was measured through the aerial photogrammetry technique at several locations both along the shoreline and in the town. In situ soil profiles and material properties at Sapanca area were obtained based on the data from 55 borings and standard penetration tests (SPT), and laboratory tests, respectively. The data and the empirical methods recommended by an NCEER workshop were employed to evaluate the liquefaction resistance of the soils. In addition, simple shaking tests on a limited number of samples were also performed. The permanent ground displacements were estimated from the existing empirical models, sliding block method and residual visco-elastic finite element methods. Then these estimations were compared with the observed ground displacements. The assessments suggested that liquefaction at Sapanca have occurred within Quaternary alluvial fan deposits at depths 1 and 14 m, and the major regions of liquefaction and associated ground deformations were located along the shore and creeks. The evaluations also indicated that for sites with no sand boils but with ground displacement greater than 1 m, thickness of the non-liquefiable layer was large. It is also noted that no liquefaction-induced ground surface disruption is expected at the site when the thickness of the liquefiable and non-liquefiable layers vary between 0.5 and 1.5 m, and 3.5 and 5.5 m, respectively. Except one model, all the empirical models employed in the study over-predicted the observed lateral ground displacements, while sliding block method and residual visco-elastic finite element methods yielded reasonably good results if the known properties of liquefied soils are used.  相似文献   

试论残留型盆地研究思路和油气勘探方法   总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6  

费宝生 《海相油气地质》1998,3(4):3-7

残留型地具有抬升剥蚀剧烈,原形盆地难以恢复,经历多期构造运动的改造和建造油气成藏动力学过程复杂,热演化程度较高,油气保存条件复杂等特点,但是残留型盆地油气资源丰富,勘探前景广阔,依据残留型盆地的特征和油气资源潜力,提出应全面,发展地认识盆地,静动结合地研究盆地,运用先进而实用的新技术新方法评价盆地,按照勘探程序勘探盆地,在研究工作上应以分地及其邻区作为整体研究对象,以区域地质研究一石油地质研究－综  相似文献   

Major Earthquakes in and Around Yunnan Province and Variations of Astronomical Time-Latitude Residuals Determined by Yunnan Observatory     

Kan Rongju  Hu HuiSeismological Bureau of Yunnan Province  Kunming  ChinaYunnan Astronomical Observatory  Academia Sinica  Kunming  China 《中国地震研究》1996,(3)

In this paper,the features of medium-term anomalies for strong earthquakes and the criteria for the prediction of such earthquakes are discussed,as well as the feasibility of applying the anomalies of astronomical time-latitude residuals to earthquake prediction and their limitation when applied to imminent-term prediction.The criteria used to identify the anomalies of time-latitude residuals for M≥6.0 earthquakes in Yunnan Province and for M≥7.0 earthquakes around Yunnan are also discussed.The last strong earthquake in the data used for testing passed the whole process of earthquake prediction practice.In addition,some special features of the case in which anomalies appeared but no strong earthquake followed are also discussed.  相似文献   

动态平差的灰色预测方法   总被引：2，自引：1，他引：2  

栾元重 《测绘工程》1996,5(3):33-39

根据运动是趋势性运动与随机性运动合成的观点，用灰色系统理论，建立了观测网的数据随时间变化的ＧＭ（１，１）模型，并建立残差改正模型，用二者形成的组合模型，可对监测网进行平差和预测。实例表明，平差与预测模型完全达到了精度要求。  相似文献   

Geostatistical integration of MT and borehole data for RMR evaluation     

Seokhoon Oh  Hojoon Chung  Duk Kee Lee 《Environmental Geology》2004,46(8):1070-1078

The geostatistical approach was applied to integrate MT (Magneto-telluric) resistivity data and borehole information for the spatial RMR (Rock Mass Rating) evaluation. Generally, resistivity of the subsurface is believed to be positively related to the RMR, thus the resistivity and borehole RMR information was combined in a geostatistical approach. To relate the two different sets of data, the MT resistivity data were used as secondary information and the RMR mean values were estimated at unsampled points by identification of the resistivity to the borehole data. Two types of approach are performed for the estimation of RMR mean values. Then the residuals of the RMR values around the borehole sites are geostatistically modeled to infer the spatial structure of difference between real RMR values and estimated mean values. Finally, this geostatistical estimation is added to the previous means. The result applied to a real situation shows prominent improvements to reflect the subsurface structure and spatial resolution of RMR information.  相似文献   

Tidal flow asymmetry in the diurnal regime: bed-load transport and morphologic changes around the Red River Delta     

D. S. van Maren  P. Hoekstra  A. J. F. Hoitink 《Ocean Dynamics》2004,54(3-4):424-434

The relation between tidal flow asymmetry and net transport of sediment in the semidiurnal regime has been extensively described. This study reveals that in the diurnal regime, the direction of long-term net bed-load transport and resulting morphologic changes is partly determined by the phase-angle relationship of O₁, K₁, and M₂. Simple analytical formulations of time-averaged bed-load transport were derived which separate the relative contributions of tidal asymmetry from that of residual flow with tidal stirring. In this particular case, the Red River Delta in Vietnam, transports related to tidal asymmetry are larger than those induced by the monsoon currents, and are an order of magnitude larger than those associated with topographic residual flow around the delta. Tide-induced morphologic changes dominate at water depths between 10 and 25 m, of which the patterns of erosion and deposition overlap with observed bathymetric changes. Additional observed changes that occur in more shallow water cannot be explained by tidal asymmetry and are probably related to wave action and to deposition from the buoyant river plume.Responsible Editor: Jens Kappenberg  相似文献   

Effectiveness of horizontal drains for slope stability     

H. Rahardjo  K. J. Hritzuk  E. C. Leong  R. B. Rezaur 《Engineering Geology》2003,69(3-4):295-308

Horizontal drains have been commonly used in stabilising unsaturated residual soil slopes. This study examines the effectiveness of horizontal drains in stabilising residual soil slopes against rainfall-induced slope failures under a tropical climate. The study includes field instrumentation at two residual soil slopes complemented with a parametric study relating to drain position. Field monitoring results indicate that rainfall infiltration is limited to a certain depth below which infiltration becomes insignificant. This zone tends to be unsuitable for horizontal drains. Horizontal drains were found to be most effective when located at the base of a slope. The parametric study indicated conditions under which horizontal drains are effective or ineffective in improving the stability of a slope. It was also found that horizontal drains have little role in minimising infiltration in an unsaturated residual soil slope. Benefits of using horizontal drains can be obtained through the lowering of the water table.  相似文献   

Testing theories of the vertical stratification of the ACC against observations     

Richard H. Karsten  John Marshall   《Dynamics of Atmospheres and Oceans》2002,36(1-3)

Recent theories of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current (ACC) suggest that its lateral and vertical stratification is controlled by its baroclinic instability: eddies in the ACC not only feed-off the available potential energy stored in sloping isopycnals but play a central role is setting up that stratification. Simple theory makes predictions about how the depth of the thermocline in the ACC depends on the surface winds, the air–sea buoyancy flux and transfer by baroclinic eddies. By examining gridded hydrographic data, here we test some of these predictions against observations. We show that, to a remarkable degree, the buoyancy field in the ACC decays exponentially with depth beneath the mixed layer. The e-folding depth increases equatorward, from less than 500 m on the poleward flank of the ACC to greater then 1000 m on its equatorial flank, in a manner that is broadly consistent with the theory.  相似文献   

东亚地磁场模型的计算与分析   总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4       下载免费PDF全文

安振昌  N.M.Rotanova 《地球物理学报》2002,45(1):34-41

根据中国、前苏联和蒙古等地区的地磁复测点和地磁台站资料,使用泰勒多项式方法和冠谐分析方法,计算东亚地磁场(X,Y,Z)的泰勒多项式模型和冠谐模型,以及东亚剩余磁场(ΔX,ΔY,ΔZ)的冠谐模型和泰勒多项式模型,并绘制了相应的理论地磁图. 泰勒多项式模型的展开原点位于45°N和100°E,截断阶数为7.地磁场泰勒多项式模型的均方偏差为:X分量是133.0nT,Y分量是107.4nT,Z分量是14.0nT. 球冠极点位于45°N和100°E,球冠半角为42°,冠谐模型的截断阶数为10. 剩余磁场冠谐模型的均方偏差分别为131.2nT(ΔX),112.6nT(ΔY)和13.7nT(ΔZ). 对比分析了上述两种模型. 提出了确定区域模型截断阶数的判据.  相似文献   

均生函数残差预报模型在降水预报中的试验研究     

唐毓勇  蒋国兴 《气象研究与应用》2006,27(3):5-8

在均生函预报模型的基础上,利用其残差数据序列对均生函数预报模型进行校正,提出了均生函数残差预报模型。运用两种模型对百色市6、7、8月月降雨量进行了历史样本拟合,并进行独立地样本预报试验。预报结果发现,均生函数残差预报模型对原有模型在预报精度上都有一定的改进,取得了较好的预报效果。同时,利用M ann-K enda ll法和Y am am oto法,可以明确突变开始的时间,指出突变区域,使待报时段与建模资料处在同一气候阶段则预报效果更为理想。  相似文献