Architecture of pre-vegetation sandy-braided perennial and ephemeral river deposits in the Paleoproterozoic Athabasca Group, northern Saskatchewan, Canada as indicators of Precambrian fluvial style     

Darrel G.F. Long   《Sedimentary Geology》2006,190(1-4):71-95

The Late Paleoproterozoic Athabasca Basin contains more than 1.5 km of predominantly sandy strata, most of which are of braided fluvial origin. In the eastern part of the basin, at McClean Lake, sandstones and minor conglomerates of the Read Formation at the base of the succession are preserved within a steep-walled valley system. They consist predominantly of meter-scale sheet elements, characterized by massive and flat-laminated fine- to very coarse-grained sandstone with minor discontinuous cobble and boulder conglomerate along lower set boundaries. These are interpreted as sheet-flood and stream-flood deposits of a terminal dry-land system, deposited in an arid climatic setting. Analysis of closely spaced drill-core indicates that late stage run-off was confined to small shallow channels, typically only a few tens of meters wide and a few meters deep. Overlying strata of the Bird Member of the Manitou Falls Formation are predominantly coarse- to very coarse-grained sandstones with abundant small-scale cross-stratification and minor granule and small pebble conglomerate. At McClean Lake, these appear to have been deposited as sheet-elements by semi-ephemeral to perennial braided rivers under more humid conditions. At Key Lake, 160 km to the southwest, architectural analysis of a 184 m wide section indicates that at least part of the Bird Member was deposited in deeper, sandy-braided rivers characterized by seasonally varied flow. The closest modern analogue is the South Saskatchewan River, in which large simple flow-transverse bedforms become exposed and dissected during falling stage, and act as nuclei for sand-flat development. The presence of numerous low-relief 4th order surfaces suggests continued reworking of bar-tops during rising stage. The incremental character of downstream accretionary elements suggests periodic migration of barforms during peak-flood stages, separated by periods of low flow. This indicates similarities with modern perennial braided systems, and is counter to the idea that all pre-Devonian fluvial systems should consist of stacked sheets formed by individual flood events. Thin gravel layers accumulated as lags on fourth order surfaces, with discontinuous mud layers suggesting deposition within temporary ponds in channel thalwegs after major floods. Strata in overlying units indicate a return to semi-perennial conditions.  相似文献   

Human impacts on fluvial systems in the Mediterranean region   总被引：5，自引：3，他引：5  

J.M. Hooke   《Geomorphology》2006,79(3-4):311

The long history of substantial human impacts on the landscape of the Mediterranean region, and their effects on fluvial systems, is documented. These effects have included impacts of deforestation and other land use changes, agricultural terracing on a wide scale, water transfers, and irrigation schemes. During the 20th century, major changes were made directly to channels through channelisation, construction of dams of various sizes, and extraction of gravel, and indirectly by reforestation. These changes have caused a major phase of incision on some rivers. Runoff and soil erosion have been affected by types of crops and agricultural practices as well as by the varying extent of cultivation and grazing. Some recent agricultural practices involve wholescale relandscaping of the topography and alteration of surface properties of material. The importance of analysing the connectivity within different land units and of the spatial position of human activity within a catchment is illustrated. The analysis of connectivity is the key to understanding the variability of impact and the extent of propagation of effects.  相似文献   

Bedform-induced hyporheic exchange with unsteady flows     

Fulvio Boano  Roberto Revelli  Luca Ridolfi 《Advances in water resources》2007

The interaction between surface and subsurface water has a crucial influence on the biochemistry of stream environments. Even though the river discharge and the flow conditions can seldom be considered to be steady, the influence of this unsteadiness on the hyporheic exchange has often been neglected. In this work, a model for the study of hyporheic exchange during unsteady conditions has been developed. The model provides a sound analytical framework for the analysis of the effects of a varying stream discharge on the exchange between a stream and the hyporheic zone. The effects of the unsteadiness on the water exchange flux, the residence time of the solutes in the bed, and the stored mass are quantified. A synthetic example shows the substantial influence of a flood on the hyporheic exchange, and that the application of a steady model can lead to an underestimation of the exchanged mass, even after the flood has ended.  相似文献   

Temporal and spatial variability of sediment flux into the sea from the three largest rivers in China     

《Journal of Asian Earth Sciences》2014

The Yellow, Yangtze and Pearl Rivers supply over 90% of the sediment flux from China to the western Pacific Ocean. Trends and abrupt changes in the water discharge and sediment load of the three rivers were examined and compared based on data updated to the year 2011 at the seasonal and annual scales. The total water discharge from the three rivers shows a statistically insignificant decreasing trend with a rate of 0.62 × 10⁹ m³/a, and the total sediment load shows a statistically significant decreasing trend at a rate of 31.12 × 10⁶ t/a from the 1950s to 2011. The water discharge of the entire Yellow River and the upstream portion of the Yangtze River shows significant decreasing trends, and that of the mid-lower stream of Yangtze River and the entire Pearl River shows insignificant trends. The sediment loads in the three river basins all show significant decreasing trends at the annual and seasonal scales, and a dramatic decrease in the 2000s resulted in a more obvious decreasing trend over the studied period. From the 1950s to the 2000s, the contribution of sediment flux from the Yellow River to the ocean decreased from 71.8% to 37.0%, and the contributions of the Yangtze and Pearl Rivers increased from 24.2% and 4.0% to 53.0% and 10.0%, respectively. Inter-annual variations in water discharge and sediment load were affected by climate oscillations, such as the El Niño/Southern Oscillation, and the long-term decreasing trend in sediment load was primarily caused by human activities. Dam constructions and soil conservation projects were the major causes of sediment reduction. From the 1970s to the 2000s, the decrease in total sediment load from the three rivers caused by climate change and human activities was 2.24 × 10⁸ t/a (23.0%) and 7.5 × 10⁸ t/a (77.0%), respectively. In the coming decades, the sediment flux from the three rivers into the sea will decrease further with intensifying human activities, resulting in many challenges for the management of river basins and river deltas.  相似文献   

洞庭湖区沉积物物源推断的地球化学指标与应用     

魏军才  张建新  邢旭东  鲁江 《大地构造与成矿学》2010,34(3)

在对洞庭湖区钻孔岩心进行地球化学采样分析的基础上,研究总结了不同物源沉积物元素及其组合的地球化学特征,认为长江物源与四水(湘、资、沅、澧)相比,以富Fe、Na、Ca和Mg、贫Si、高CaO/MgO、Cr/Th、Ca/Cd、Ti/Si、TC/N,低K/Na等为特征,通过散点图和因子分析筛选出Cr/Th等8个指标,构建物质来源地球化学推断的判别方程,利用多目标区域地球化学调查数据,绘制湖区表层沉积物的判别得分图,划分出了长江和四水物源的两个沉积区。  相似文献   

云南中甸-大具断裂马家村-大具段古地震初步研究     

程理  李光涛  吴昊  余建强  苏刚 《中国地震》2020,36(2):211-220

中甸-大具断裂马家村-大具段位于哈巴雪山北麓及玉龙雪山以北的大具盆地内,总体走向310°～320°,根据卫星影像解译和详细的野外地质地貌调查,认为中甸-大具断裂马家村-大具段自第四纪以来长期活动,横跨断裂的水系右旋位错量可分为8.5～12m、22m左右、47m左右、200～280m、500～510m和1000m左右6个等级。在大具盆地内发现了长约600m的地震地表破裂带,这是该断层段在全新世活动的直接地质证据,在破裂带南东端附近开挖的探槽揭示出自晚更新世以来断裂存在三期活动,可能对应3次地震事件,结合前人在该断裂段获得的地质剖面和断错地貌面测年结果,分析认为马家村-大具段自晚更新世以来至少发生了3次古地震事件,发生时间分别为4910～45 a BP、7000 a BP左右和32.93～19.96ka BP,利用垂直同震位移值估算了水平同震位移量,最终得出每次地震事件的震级为7.5级左右。  相似文献   

江苏新沂河河漫滩表面流人工湿地对污染河水的净化试验   总被引：22，自引：6，他引：16  

吴建强  黄沈发  阮晓红  丁玲 《湖泊科学》2006,18(3):238-242

通过对环太湖水文巡测资料水量统计方法比较入手,计算分析2000-2002年环太湖河流进出湖水量、水质、污染负荷量变化．结合太湖水质变化分析,得出自2000年后环太湖进出湖河流的水质污染恶化趋势总体得到初步遏制,湖州、苏州地区环太湖河流水质保持稳定并呈一定改善趋势,但无锡、常州地区的环太湖河流水质浓度仍呈升高趋势,尤其是常州地区入湖河流的TP、CODMn浓度升高较快．与此相对应,太湖水质在总体保持基本稳定中有所好转,水质总体恶化趋势已经得到初步控制,但位于西北部的竺山湖各项水质指标进一步恶化,明显劣于梅梁湖水质,应当引起当地有关部门重视,加大治理力度．环太湖河流的入湖和出湖污染负荷量总体呈现增加趋势,但从净入湖污染负荷量分析,CODMn呈波动性减少趋势,TP和TN呈增加趋势．  相似文献   

Nitrogen sources in the South China Sea, as discerned from stable nitrogen isotopic ratios in rivers, sinking particles, and sediments   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

B. Gaye  M.G. Wiesner  N. Lahajnar 《Marine Chemistry》2009,114(3-4):72-85

Stable nitrogen isotopic ratios were measured in sinking particles and surface sediments from the South China Sea (SCS) in order to study recent nitrogen sources and degradation. Average δ¹⁵N values of 16 sediment traps deployed at seven locations in the northern, central and southern SCS were uniformly low, ranging between 2.7 and 4.5‰ with a winter minimum in the northern and central SCS. Enhanced nitrogen contents and δ¹⁵N values were noted in samples affected by swimmers, comprising between 5 and 20% of total nitrogen fluxes. Nitrate sources were subsurface waters from the western Pacific, which were isotopically depleted due to the remineralization of nitrogen from nitrogen fixation in surface waters. Nitrogen fixation in the SCS contributed up to 20% to the settling particles. In the southern SCS, resuspended matter close to the shelf added to the sinking particulates. The long-term trap record from the central SCS revealed decreasing δ¹⁵N values during the 1990s, which correspond with findings from the North Pacific Subtropical Gyre and may be attributable to increased nitrogen fixation due to global warming-related stratification. This trend may be restricted to the 1990s but could also persist due to the projection of more frequent occurrence of El Niño conditions.The δ¹⁵N increase from swimmer-free trap averages of 2.7–3.6‰ to values of 5–6‰ in underlying deep-sea sediments was in the same range as in other deep ocean areas. Similar to results from the northern Indian Ocean, this increase could be related to isotopic enrichment during amino acid degradation. The lowest sedimentary δ¹⁵N values characterize the Pinatubo ash layer deposited off Luzon in an event of mass sedimentation in 1991. The fast deposition of organic matter drawn from the surface waters with the ash in the form of vertical density currents evidently preserved the planktonic δ¹⁵N signal.  相似文献