Spatial and temporal predictions of soil moisture dynamics,runoff, variable source areas and evapotranspiration for plynlimon,mid-wales     

P. F. Quinn  K. J. Beven 《水文研究》1993,7(4):425-448

For many years hydrologists have tried to build physically realistic models which are still simple enough to be fitted to a range of observations made in the field. This is an ongoing process which will become even more difficult as the quality and variety of field and remotely sensed data improves. Hence models must be able to predict soil moisture patterns in time and in space as well as the outflow hydrograph. The model presented here (TOPMODEL) aims to predict the nature of variable source areas in a way that reflects their dynamics over space and time. All component processes are described and shown in operation. As TOPMODEL and similar models have a growing popularity, this paper can be seen as a demonstration of the model's predictive capabilities. The model is applied to the catchments of Plynlimon, mid-Wales for 1984, 1985 and 1986 data sets. The model has been thoroughly tested and cross-validated against independent data sets for different time periods, for a separate catchment, for internal gauges and for wet and dry periods. The resulting predicted soil moisture patterns show a small, semi-permanent variable source area that has the ability during large storms to expand dynamically over short time periods. Spatial predictions of evapotranspiration are also shown which reflect the influence of soil moisture patterns on this process. The weakest component of the model is the representation of root zone evaporation and how this pre-sets the antecedent condition of the catchment during long dry periods.  相似文献   

近50年来中国六大流域年际径流变化趋势研究   总被引：52，自引：6，他引：52       下载免费PDF全文

张建云  章四龙  王金星  李岩 《水科学进展》2007,18(2):230-234

应用1950年以来的中国六大流域19个重点控制水文站年径流观测资料,采用MK检验方法研究了中国六大江河的年径流量变化情况。结果表明,近50年来中国六大江河的实测径流量均呈下降趋势。其中海河、黄河、辽河、松花江实测径流量下降明显,严重影响了我国社会经济的发展。  相似文献   

Remote sensing and GIS for artificial recharge study, runoff estimation and planning in Ayyar basin, Tamil Nadu, India   总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4  

S. Anbazhagan  S. M. Ramasamy  S. Das Gupta 《Environmental Geology》2005,48(2):158-170

This paper focuses on artificial groundwater recharge study in Ayyar basin, Tamil Nadu, India. The basin is covered by hard crystalline rock and overall has poor groundwater conditions. Hence, an artificial recharge study was carried out in this region through a project sponsored by Tamil Nadu State Council for Science and Technology. The Indian Remote Sensing satellite 1A Linear Imaging Self Scanning Sensor II (IRS 1A LISS II) satellite imagery, aerial photographs and geophysical resistivity data were used to prioritize suitable sites for artificial recharge and to estimate the volume of aquifer dimension available to recharge. The runoff water available for artificial recharge in the basin is estimated through Soil Conservation Service curve number method. The land use/land cover, hydrological soil group and storm rainfall data in different watershed areas were used to calculate the runoff in the watersheds. The weighted curve number for each watershed is obtained through spatial intersection of land use/land cover and hydrological soil group through GeoMedia 3.0 Professional GIS software. Artificial recharge planning was derived on the basis of availability of runoff, aquifer dimension, priority areas and water table conditions in different watersheds in the basin.  相似文献   

Vegetation characteristics and the prediction of runoff: Analysis of an experiment in the New Forest,Hampshire     

A. M. Gurnell  K. J. Gregory 《水文研究》1987,1(2):125-142

Vegetation characteristics have not been sufficiently utilized in catchment runoff models. An analysis of storm hydrograph data from nested subareas of the Highland Water catchment, New Forest, U.K., indicates that depth of runoff and peak discharge from areas under heathland cover is substantially greater than from areas under woodland cover at several spatial scales. The significance of heath vegetation composition in the identification of runoff contributing areas is illustrated by an analysis of vegetation composition, water table depth, baseflow discharge and storm runoff from areas predominantly covered by heathland. Methods are proposed to employ the hydrological characteristics of heathland to refine and develop the Flood Studies Approach to discharge estimation in ungauged heathland catchments. Such an approach is greatly facilitated by the use of remotely-sensed data.  相似文献   

STUDY ON THE DYNAMIC PROCESS OF RILL EROSION OF LOESS SLOPE SURFACE   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3  

Zhanbin LI . Kexin LU  Wenfeng DING The State key Laboratory of Loess Plateau  Dry Land Farming    Yangling  Shaanxi  P.R.China. Xi''''an University of Technology    Xi''''an  Shaanxi  P.R.China. 《国际泥沙研究》2001,16(2)

1 mTRODUCTIONAs a woridwide concem, excessive water erosion induces land degradation, causes losses of plantnutrients, and Ieads to off site enVironmental problems such as sedimentahon streams and reservoirs. mllerosion, which results from concentraed flow in a lindted and confined space, plays imPortant roles inthe erosion systCm on uPland areas. Data listed in Table l show its contribution and imPoftance to thetOtal slope soil losses. In the last decades, stodies on the physical mecha…  相似文献   

WINTER RUNOFF AND EROSION ON NORTHWESTERN USA CROPLAND     

D.K. McCool 《国际泥沙研究》2000,(2)

h200l.llNTRODUCTI0NTheNorthwesternWheatandRangeRegi0n(NWax)(Austin,l98l),whichincludesportionsofIdaho,Oregon,andWashington,isoneofthem0stuniqueagriculturalregionsoftheUSA.Winterandspringsmallgrainsand0thercropsareproukcedonl0esss0ilsdepositedoverbasalt.TheloessvariesinboththicknessandtopograPhicfeatures.Someareashavesteepanddune-likeslopes,while0thershavel0ng,gentlesl0pes.Theregion,br0kenfromnativeprairielessthanl20yearsag0(Kaise,l96l)hassufferedseriousdegradationofthesoilresourcebyw…  相似文献   

A global river routing network for use in hydrological modeling   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

H. Renssen  J. M. Knoop   《Journal of Hydrology》2000,230(3-4):230-243

In this paper a relatively simple procedure is presented to construct a global river routing network on a 0.5° latitude–longitude grid. In this network all grid cells in a catchment are coupled and have a flow direction, making it a useful tool in the modeling of river flow on a global scale. The flow directions are based on a digital elevation model and on information on the locations of major rivers (‘stream burning’). The presented river routing network is specifically designed for the assessment of fresh water shortages. We tested the validity of the river routing network by comparing the computed drainage areas with published estimates. This comparison revealed a good similarity and it is concluded that the presented river routing network has sufficient quality to be implemented in global climate models. This could mean a considerable improvement of the surface parameterization in these models.  相似文献   

铁岭市中心城区降雨径流氨氮污染特征初步研究   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2       下载免费PDF全文

李敬峰 《气象与环境学报》2007,23(3):47-49

为了解铁岭市中心城区降雨形成径流后氨氮污染特征,选取城区内2个典型排污沟为研究对象,采用野外采样与室内分析相结合的方法,利用2005年7月的一场降雨过程实测降雨数据,对氨氮浓度进行对比分析。结果表明:在降雨初期,铁岭市中心城区降雨径流中氨氮浓度迅速上升,并很快达到峰值。随着降雨历时的延长,氨氮浓度逐渐下降并趋于稳定。  相似文献   

Spatial variability of soil hydrophobicity after wildfires in Montana and Colorado   总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0  

Scott W. Woods  Anna Birkas  Robert Ahl 《Geomorphology》2007,86(3-4):465-479

Increases in runoff and erosion after wildfires are often attributed to the development of hydrophobic soils. The potential for increased overland flow depends on the spatial contiguity of the hydrophobicity as well as its overall strength, but there is limited information on the spatial variability of soil hydrophobicity. We conducted spatially intensive hydrophobicity measurements in 225 m² and 1 m² plots in forested areas of Montana and Colorado burned at moderate to high severity, and in unburned control plots. Both the burned and unburned 225 m² plots contained 10–23 hydrophobic soil patches in which hydrophobicity was strongest at the surface and declined rapidly with depth. The hydrophobic patches were closer together and up to 3 times larger in the burned plots. Consequently, 19% to 76% of the burned plots were hydrophobic compared to just 11% of the unburned plots. In five of the six burned plots, the patches were not laterally connected, suggesting that in most cases Hortonian overland flow generated from hydrophobic patches will infiltrate near its point of origin. The 1 m² plots were smaller than most of the hydrophobic patches, so they did not capture the spatial characteristics of soil hydrophobicity. Characterization of the spatial variability of soil hydrophobicity should be based on measurements conducted at  1 m intervals across areas of > 100 m². Due to the patchiness of soil hydrophobicity at the 10⁰ to 10¹ meter scale, overland flow measurements in small ( 1 m²) plots may overestimate the magnitude and variability of runoff from burned catchments.  相似文献   

基于GIS 分析喀斯特流域下垫面因素对枯季径流的影响——以贵州省河流为例   总被引：7，自引：3，他引：4  

王在高  梁虹 《中国岩溶》2002,21(1):55-60

本文采用GIS 作为空间分析的工具, 分析了喀斯特流域地貌类型等下垫面因素对枯季径流的影响, 并从流域结构的角度, 选择了空间尺度、岩性、地貌类型、森林植被等自然因素作为参数, 借助于SPSS 软件, 运用多元统计学的方法, 建立了多元回归方程数学模型, 对喀斯特流域枯季最小日流量进行预测。   相似文献