架空输电线路机载激光雷达点云电力线三维重建   总被引：4，自引：1，他引：3  

林祥国  张继贤 《测绘学报》2016,45(3):347-353

电力线三维重建是机载激光雷达(LiDAR)电力巡线的一项重要任务之一。本文提出了一种基于架空输电线走廊机载LiDAR点云的电力线三维重建方法。首先,基于电塔LiDAR点和初始线路轨迹数据提取精确的电塔位置、电塔数量、线路轨迹、总档数等信息;然后,将线路分档,并确定每一档的二维空间范围和相应的电力线LiDAR点云;接着,分别对每一档的电力线LiDAR点云进行中心化投影,并利用k-means聚类将每一个电力线LiDAR点划分到相应的根;最后,利用直线和抛物线相结合的模型进行单档单根电力导线三维重建。两景试验表明,本文方法可以实现自动、高精度、正确的重建长距离架空输电线走廊电力线三维模型,重建过程中具有对电力线数目、空间配置结构、类型、粗差点、档距长度、点云不规则断裂等因素不敏感的优势。  相似文献   

Hydrological responses to defoliation and drought of an upland oak/pine forest          下载免费PDF全文

K. V. R. Schäfer  H. J. Renninger  K. L. Clark  D. Medvigy 《水文研究》2014,28(25):6113-6123

Hydrologic variability during 2005–2011 was observed and analyzed at an upland oak/pine forest in the New Jersey Pinelands. The forest experienced defoliation by Gypsy moth (Lymantria dispar L.) in 2007, drought conditions in 2006 and a more severe drought in 2010. By using sap flux and eddy covariance measurements, stream discharge data from USGS, soil water changes, precipitation (P) and precipitation throughfall, a local water balance was derived. Average annual canopy transpiration (E_C) during 2005–2011 was 201 mm a^?1 ± 47 mm a^?1. A defoliation event reduced E_C by 20% in 2007 compared with the 2005–2011 mean. During drought years in 2006 and 2010, stand transpiration was reduced by 8% in July 2006 and by 18% in 2010, respectively, compared with the overall July average. During July 2007, after the defoliation and subsequent reflushing of half of the leaves, E_C was reduced by 25%. This stand may experience higher sensitivity to drought when recovering from a defoliation event as evidenced by the higher reduction of E_C in 2010 (post‐defoliation) compared with 2006 (pre‐defoliation). Stream water discharge was normalized to the watershed area by dividing outflow with the watershed area. It showed the greatest correlation with transpiration for time lags of 24 days and 219 days, suggesting hydrological connectivity on the watershed scale; stream water discharge increases when transpiration decreases, coinciding with leaf‐on and leaf‐off conditions. Thus, any changes in transpiration or precipitation will also alter stream water discharge and therefore water availability. Under future climate change, frequency and intensity of precipitation and episodic defoliation events may alter local water balance components in this upland oak/pine forest. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

Geographical variation on cone and seed production of natural Pinus halepensis Mill. forests in Tunisia     

A. Ayari  D. MoyaM.N. Rejeb  A. Ben MansouraA. Albouchi  J. De Las HerasT. Fezzani  B. Henchi 《Journal of Arid Environments》2011,75(5):403-410

Aleppo pine (Pinus halepensis Mill.) is found in discontinuous bands along the Mediterranean Basin, usually at low elevations and in dry climates. This study was conducted to relate bioclimatic zones and geographic distribution with representative individual tree of populations for cone number and weight from the driest to the wettest Aleppo pine forest zones. Epidometric values were recorded in all sample stands in the monitoring plots set in 79 native populations from the Algerian border to the eastern coast of Tunisia, representing a wide range from each region in northern Africa. Simple and multiple regressions were performed on the data. Results showed that the canopy seed bank increased according to elevation, latitudinal and longitudinal gradients. The simple regression analysis showed a latitudinal effect positively relating increasing latitude to greater cone crop. Similarly, longitudinal and elevation variations were related to significant differences in cone dimensions. Higher average seed mass was related to populations located westwards or at higher elevation. The multiple regression analysis indicated that the longitudinal variations were the most determinant geo-positional factors in Aleppo pine cone dimensions and average seed mass in natural Aleppo pine forests in Tunisia.  相似文献   

Augmenting forest inventory attributes with geometric optical modelling in support of regional susceptibility assessments to bark beetle infestations     

《International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation》2013

Assessment of the susceptibility of forests to mountain pine beetle (Dendroctonus ponderosae Hopkins) infestation is based upon an understanding of the characteristics that predispose the stands to attack. These assessments are typically derived from conventional forest inventory data; however, this information often represents only managed forest areas. It does not cover areas such as forest parks or conservation regions and is often not regularly updated resulting in an inability to assess forest susceptibility. To address these shortcomings, we demonstrate how a geometric optical model (GOM) can be applied to Landsat-5 Thematic Mapper (TM) imagery (30 m spatial resolution) to estimate stand-level susceptibility to mountain pine beetle attack. Spectral mixture analysis was used to determine the proportion of sunlit canopy and background, and shadow of each Landsat pixel enabling per pixel estimates of attributes required for model inversion. Stand structural attributes were then derived from inversion of the geometric optical model and used as basis for susceptibility mapping. Mean stand density estimated by the geometric optical model was 2753 (standard deviation ± 308) stems per hectare and mean horizontal crown radius was 2.09 (standard deviation ± 0.11) metres. When compared to equivalent forest inventory attributes, model predictions of stems per hectare and crown radius were shown to be reasonably estimated using a Kruskal–Wallis ANOVA (p < 0.001). These predictions were then used to create a large area map that provided an assessment of the forest area susceptible to mountain pine beetle damage.  相似文献   

Winter Leaf Conductance Rates of Pinus Strobus L. (Eastern White Pine)     

《自然地理学》2013,34(5):474-482

Our knowledge of winter leaf conductance and transpiration rates during the winter and early spring is especially weak for Pinus strobus L. (eastern white pine). Hence, the present study was conducted to: (1) measure and examine the winter leaf conductance and transpiration rates among 10 P. strobus trees to supply preliminary data for an understudied tree species; and (2) investigate whether observed leaf conductance and transpiration rates are large enough to merit incorporation into existing water balance models. The fieldwork was conducted at the Fair Hill Natural Resources Management Area in northeastern Maryland (39°42'N, 75°50'W) using a Li-Cor 1600M Steady State Porometer. Meteorological data were acquired from a continuously recording meteorological station on-site. Meteorological data were recorded at five-minute intervals to ensure that weather conditions could be temporally sequenced with porometer readings. The 10 co-occurring P. strobus sample trees were of similar age and health on uniform soils in an open field. Winter and early spring leaf conductance values of the selected trees reached 20 mmol m^-2 s^-1, whereas transpiration reached 0.13 mmol m^-2 s^-1. Results of the study indicate that there is statistically significant differences in leaf conductance rates among co-occurring P. strobus trees (H = 16.74, p = .05). Since the upper winter leaf conductance and transpiration rates measured in this study overlap with growing season leaf conductance and transpiration values reported by others, it is suggested that winter leaf conductance of and transpiration from P. strobus trees are significant enough to incorporate into water balance calculations.  相似文献   

油松和侧柏常绿树种对典型污染物的吸滞与富集作用          下载免费PDF全文

褚建民  王燕  王琼  李少宁  胡守明  王叶红 《气象与环境学报》2012,28(3):15-20

以城市森林生态系统常绿树种为对象,测定了油松（Pinus tabuliformis）和侧柏（Platycladus orientalis）叶片对大气污染物（SO₂、Cl₂）和土壤重金属污染物（Cu、Zn、As、Hg和Pb、Cd和Cr）的吸滞作用与富集作用。结果表明：油松和侧柏具有较强吸滞污染物的作用,对污染物的吸滞能力受环境污染程度、不同生长季节的污染元素种类等因素的影响。其中,油松在秋季对S、Cu、Zn、Pb和Hg具有较高的吸附能力,针叶中S、Cu、Zn、Pb和Hg含量平均值分别为2158.75、6.31、31.46、4.05 mg·kg-1和0.08 mg·kg-1;侧柏在秋季对Cu、Zn、Hg和Cd具有较高的吸附能力,叶片中Cu、Zn、Hg、Cd含量平均值分别为4.47、22.47、0.09 mg·kg-1和0.20 mg·kg-1;在不同立地条件下,油松和侧柏对污染物的吸滞与富集量有所差异,其中在土壤污染较重的石景山松林园样地,油松对大气污染物SO₂有较强的吸附能力,侧柏则表现出对Cl₂有较强的吸附能力。对重金属污染物而言,油松和侧柏对Cu、Pb、Cr和As有较高的富集作用。  相似文献   

Comparison of soil organic carbon content,hydraulic conductivity,and particle size fractions between a grassland and a nearby black pine plantation of 40 years in two surface depths   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

Ilhami Bayramin  Mustafa Basaran  Gunay Erpul  Melda Dolarslan  Mustafa R. Canga 《Environmental Geology》2009,56(8):1563-1575

In highlands of semiarid Turkey, ecosystems have been significantly transformed through human actions, and today changes are taking place very rapidly, causing harmful consequences such as soil degradation. This paper examines two neighboring land use types in Indagi Mountain Pass, Cankiri, Turkey, to determine effects of the conversion of Blackpine (Pinus nigra Arn. subsp. pallasiana) plantation from grassland 40 years ago on soil organic carbon (SOC) and soil erodibility (USLE-K). For this purpose, a total of 302 disturbed and undisturbed soil samples were taken at irregular intervals from two sites and from two soil depths of 0–10 cm (D₁) and 10–20 cm (D₂). In terms of SOC, conversion did not make any statistical difference between grassland and plantation; however, there were statistically significant differences with soil depth within each land use, and SOC contents significantly decreased with the soil depth (P < 0.05) and mostly accumulated in D₁. SOC values were 2.4 and 1.8% for grassland and 2.8 and 1.6% for plantation, respectively, at D₁ and D₂. USLE-K values also statistically differed significantly with the land use, and in contrast to the statistics of SOC, there was no change in USLE-K with the soil depth. Since USLE-K was estimated using SOC, hydraulic conductivity (HC) and soil textural composition––sand (S), silt (Si), and clay (C) contents of soils––as well as SOC did not change with the land use, we ascribed the changes of USLE-K with the land uses to the differences in the HC as strongly affected by the interactions between SOC and contents of S, Si, and C. On an average, the soil of the grassland (USLE-K = 0.161 t ha h ha⁻¹ MJ⁻¹ mm⁻¹) was more erodible than those of the plantation (USLE-K = 0.126 t ha h ha⁻¹ MJ⁻¹ mm⁻¹). Additionally, topographic factors, such as aspect and slope, were statistically effective on spatial distribution of the USLE-K and SOC.  相似文献   

Water flux estimates from a Belgian Scots pine stand: a comparison of different approaches     

L. Meiresonne  D. A. Sampson  A. S. Kowalski  I. A. Janssens  N. Nadezhdina  J. Cermk  J. Van Slycken  R. Ceulemans 《Journal of Hydrology》2003,270(3-4):230-252

Four distinct approaches, that vary markedly in the spatial and temporal resolution of their measurement and process-level outputs, are used to investigate the daily and seasonal water vapour exchange in a 70-year-old Belgian Scots pine forest. Transpiration, canopy interception, soil evaporation and evapotranspiration are simulated, using a stand-level process model (SECRETS) and a soil water balance model (WAVE). Simulated transpiration was compared with up-scaled sap flow measurements and simulated evapotranspiration to eddy covariance measurements.

Reasonable agreement in the temporal trends and in the annual water balance between the two models was observed, however daily and weekly predictions often diverged. Most notably, WAVE estimated very low, to no transpiration during late autumn, winter and early spring when incident radiation fell below 50 W m⁻² while SECRETS simulated low (0.1–0.4 mm day⁻¹) fluxes during the same period. Both models exhibited similar daily trends in simulated transpiration when compared with sap flow estimates, although simulations from SECRETS were more closely aligned. In contrast, WAVE over-estimated transpiration during periods of no rainfall and under-estimated transpiration during rainfall. Yearly, total evapotranspiration simulated by the models were similar, i.e. 658 mm (1997) and 632 mm (1998) for WAVE and 567 mm (1997) and 619 mm (1998) for SECRETS.

Maximum weekly-average evapotranspiration for WAVE exceeded 5 mm day⁻¹, while SECRETS never exceeded 4 mm day⁻¹. Both models, in general, simulated higher evapotranspiration than that measured with the eddy covariance technique. An impact of the soil water content in the direct relationship between the models and the eddy covariance measurements was found.

The results suggest that: (1) different model formulations can reproduce similar results depending on the scale at which outputs are resolved, (2) SECRETS estimates of transpiration were well correlated with the empirical measurements, and (3) neither model fitted favourably to the eddy covariance technique.  相似文献   

岷江上游典型油松人工幼林的生态环境效应   总被引：4，自引：3，他引：4  

包维楷  乔永康  陈庆恒 《山地学报》2003,21(6):662-668

油松林是岷江上游和大渡河上游地区河谷与中山段灌丛地上恢复重建的代表性人工林类型之一,还缺乏深入研究。选择岷江上游典型的油松幼林,通过2a的定位监测,研究了油松林恢复重建的生态环境效应。1)与重建前的灌丛比较,油松幼林林下土壤物理性质(容重、土壤孔隙度、非毛管孔隙度、土壤重力水库容、土壤水向下渗透性速度、土壤通气度)得到明显改善,土壤持水能力提高了16%;2)油松幼林林冠对降雨的拦截和再分配作用明显。雨量等级低,拦截作用越大,尤其是当降雨量小,历时较长时,截留率越高,对降水的涵养比率越高。油松幼林生态系统能全部就地涵养全年降雨频率60%～70%的<10mm等级的雨量而不致产生明显的地表径流;对于占全年降雨频率35%～30%的10～50mm等级的降雨量,有至少30%～50%能被油松林生态系统就地涵养;3)重建的油松幼林林下土壤平均侵蚀模数36t·km-2·a-1,灌丛地表为713t·km-2·a-1,分别比裸地少99 55%和91 09%,而同期灌丛地表平均径流模数有38 90×104m3·km-2·a-1,油松幼林为7 23×104m3·km-2·a-1,分别比裸地减少79 47%和99 96%,油松林重建基本控制了土壤侵蚀和水土流失;4)油松林重建明显降低了不同深度的土壤温度。夏季降低的效果明显强于秋季。油松林内与林缘灌草丛5cm层土温较裸地分别平均  相似文献   

黄土丘陵区人工油松林地土壤水分动态的时间序列分析   总被引：10，自引：1，他引：10  

石辉  刘世荣  孙鹏森  李秧秧 《山地学报》2004,22(4):411-414

利用时间序列分析方法研究了黄土丘陵区人工油松林地土壤水分序列和降水序列之间的关系。在黄土丘陵区，降水时间序列不存在自相关关系，相反土壤贮水量之间存在自相关关系；这说明了前期降水对后期降水没有影响，而前期土壤含水量的高低影响了后期含水量的多少。降水时间序列与人工油松林地0～80cm土层总贮水量序列之间存在相关关系，同时油松林地贮水量与降水时间序列相比表现出1个滞后时间距(1月)，说明贮水量主要受当月和前一个月降水的影响。对于上部三个层次(0～10cm，10-20cm，20～40cm)的贮水动态与降水时间序列相关；而20cm以下的土层，与一个滞后时间距的降水时间序列相关系数增大；说明20cm以上土层的贮水量主要受当月降水的影响，20cm以下土层贮水量与当月和前一个月的降水有关。当月降水可以补充到40cm深土层。  相似文献