Equivalent width, shape and proper motion of the iron fluorescent line emission from molecular clouds as an indicator of the illuminating source X-ray flux history     

R. Sunyaev  & E. Churazov 《Monthly notices of the Royal Astronomical Society》1998,297(4):1279-1291

Observations of the diffuse emission in the 8–22 keV energy range, elongated parallel to the Galactic plane, and detection of the strong 6.4-keV fluorescent line with ∼ 1 keV equivalent width from some giant molecular clouds (e.g. Sgr B2) in the Galactic Centre region suggest that the neutral matter of these clouds is (or was) illuminated by powerful X-ray radiation, which gave rise to the reprocessed radiation. The source of this radiation remains unknown. A transient source close to the Sgr B2 cloud, or a short outburst of the X-ray emission from a supermassive black hole at the Galactic Centre are the two prime candidates under consideration. We argue that a new generation of X-ray telescopes combining very high sensitivity and excellent energy and angular resolutions would be able to discriminate between these two possibilities when studying time-dependent changes of the morphology of the surface brightness distribution, the equivalent width and the shape of the fluorescent line in Sgr B2 and other molecular clouds in the region. We note also that detection of broad and complex structures near the 6.4-keV line in the spectra of distant AGNs, which are X-ray weak now, may prove the presence of violent activity in the central engines of these objects in the past. Accurate measurements of the line shape may provide information on the time elapsed since the outburst. Proper motion (super- or subluminal) of the fluorescent radiation wave front can give additional information on the location of the source. Observations of the described effects can provide unique information on the matter distribution inside Sgr B2 and other giant molecular clouds.  相似文献   

Variability associated with α accretion disc theory for standard and advection-dominated discs     

Eric G. Blackman 《Monthly notices of the Royal Astronomical Society》1998,299(4):L48-L52

The α turbulent viscosity formalism for accretion discs must be interpreted as a mean field theory, modelling a steady state only on spatial or time-scales greater than those of the turbulence. The extent of the scale separation determines the relative precision error (RPE) of the predicted luminosity L _ν. Turbulence and the use of α implies that (1) field line stretching gives a magnetic pressure  α²/6 of the total pressure generally, and a one-to-one relation between α and the pressure ratio for thin discs, and (2) large turbulent scales in advection-dominated accretion flows (ADAFs) predict a lower L _ν precision than thin discs for a given observation duration and central mass. The allowed variability (or RPE) at frequency ν increases with the size of the contributing region. For X-ray binary ADAFs, the RPE ∼ 5 per cent at R  ≤ 1000 Schwarzchild radii ( R _s) for averages over  1000 s. However, current data for galaxies like NGC 4258 and M87 give RPEs in L _ν of 50–100 per cent even at R  ≤ 100  R _S. More data are required, but systematic deviations from ADAF predictions are more significant than random deviations, and may constrain properties of the turbulence, the accretion mode, the assumption of a steady state or the accretion rate.  相似文献   

新冠疫情对中国国际航空网络连通性的影响及空间差异   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

杜方叶  王姣娥  王涵 《热带地理》2020,40(3):386-395

航空运输在实现各国互联互通、推动全球经济发展中发挥着重要作用。突发公共卫生事件或恶劣天气等均易对航空网络的连通性造成影响。本研究以新冠疫情为例，从全球航空网络视角探讨新冠疫情对中国国际航空网络连通性的影响及地区差异。研究结果表明：疫情期间，中国境外通航城市、国际航班、国际航线数量均大幅缩减，航空网络连通效率显著降低，但其空间格局未发生根本性变化，东亚和东南亚仍是中国对外主要联系地区，经济联系与贸易仍然起着重要作用。航线停飞对中国与中亚、西亚和大洋洲航空网络的连通性影响最大，而航班缩减对中国与东亚、中亚和东南亚航空网络的连通性影响最大。在国内，北京、上海和广州仍然是中国对外联系的枢纽城市，且其聚集度在疫情期间得到提升。  相似文献   

Shift-share Analysis on International Tourism Competitiveness - A Case of Jiangsu Province   总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5  

SHI Chunyun ZHANG Jie YANG Yang ZHOU Zhang 《中国地理科学(英文版)》2007,17(2):173-178

Shift-share analysis has been confirmed a useful approach in the study of regional economics and many kinds of extended shift-share models have been advanced and put into practice in economic studies, but few have hitherto been introduced and applied to the tourism research in China. Moreover understanding the spatially competitive relationship is of paramount importance for marketers, developers, and planners involved in tourism strategy development. Based on international tourism receipts from 1995 to 2004, this study aims at probing into the spatial competitiveness of interna- tional tourism in Jiangsu Province in comparison with its neighbors by applying a spatially extended shift-share model and a modified dynamic shift-share model. The empirical results illustrate that exceptional years may exist in the ap- plication of dynamic shift-share models. To solve this issue, modifications to dynamic shift-share model are put forward. The analytical results are not only presented but also explained by the comparison of background conditions of tourism development between Jiangsu and its key competitors. The conclusions can be drawn that the growth of international tourism receipts in Jiangsu mainly attributes to the national component and the competitive component and Zhejiang is the most important rival to Jiangsu during the period of 1995-2004. In order to upgrade the tourism competitiveness, it is indispensable for Jiangsu to take proper positioning, promoting and marketing strategies and to cooperate and integrate with its main rivals.  相似文献   

Simulations of star formation in a gaseous disc around Sgr A*– a failed active galactic nucleus     

Sergei Nayakshin  Jorge Cuadra †  Volker Springel 《Monthly notices of the Royal Astronomical Society》2007,379(1):21-33

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Contribution to the search for binaries among Am stars – VIII. New spectroscopic orbits of eight systems and statistical study of a sample of 91 Am stars     

J.-M. Carquillat  J.-L. Prieur 《Monthly notices of the Royal Astronomical Society》2007,380(3):1064-1078

Red clump giant (RCG) stars can be used as distance indicators to trace the mass distribution of the Galactic bar. We use RCG stars from 44 bulge fields from the OGLE-II microlensing collaboration data base to constrain analytic triaxial models for the Galactic bar. We find the bar major-axis is oriented at an angle of 24°–27° to the Sun–Galactic Centre line-of-sight. The ratio of semimajor and semiminor bar axis scalelengths in the Galactic plane   x ₀, y ₀  , and vertical bar scalelength z ₀, is   x ₀ :  y ₀ :  z ₀= 10 : 3.5 : 2.6  , suggesting a slightly more prolate bar structure than the working model of Gerhard which gives the scalelength ratios as   x ₀ :  y ₀ :  z ₀= 10 : 4 : 3  .  相似文献   

Resonant relaxation near a massive black hole: the dependence on eccentricity     

M. Atakan Gürkan  Clovis Hopman 《Monthly notices of the Royal Astronomical Society》2007,379(3):1083-1088

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Erratum: Modelling the Galactic bar using OGLE-II red clump giant stars     

《Monthly notices of the Royal Astronomical Society》2007,382(3):1376-1376

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iGMAS全球电离层TEC格网产品精度分析     

李涌涛  马洪磊  李建文  师一帅  米科峰  朱璇 《测绘科学》2021,46(2):7-14,41

为了分析与评估国际GNSS监测评估系统(iGMAS)全球电离层TEC格网产品精度,该文基于iGMAS及IGS各电离层分析中心发布的全球电离层TEC格网产品,进行了精度比较分析,结果表明:iGMAS与IGS、CODE、JPL、ESOC、UPC等IGS电离层工作组发布的全球电离层TEC格网产品,在全球、不同纬度带和欧洲等不同区域均表现出较高的一致性和强相关性,互差为0~2.0 TECU;JPL分析中心GIM的内符合精度约为2.5 TECU,iGMAS、IGS、CODE、ESOC和UPC等分析中心GIM的内符合精度均小于1.5 TECU;在2~8 TECU的精度范围内,iGMAS全球电离层TEC格网产品的精度总体与IGS、CODE、JPL、ESOC、UPC等IGS电离层工作组的精度相当。  相似文献   

Orchestrating transnational environmental governance in maritime shipping     

《Global Environmental Change》2015

Maritime shipping is the transmission belt of the global economy. It is also a major contributor to global environmental change through its under-regulated air, water and land impacts. It is puzzling that shipping is a lagging sector as it has a well-established global regulatory body—the International Maritime Organization. Drawing on original empirical evidence and archival data, we introduce a four-factor framework to investigate two main questions: why is shipping lagging in its environmental governance; and what is the potential for the International Maritime Organization to orchestrate emerging private ‘green shipping’ initiatives to achieve better ecological outcomes? Contributing to transnational governance theory, we find that conditions stalling regulatory progress include low environmental issue visibility, poor interest alignment, a broadening scope of environmental issues, and growing regulatory fragmentation and uncertainty. The paper concludes with pragmatic recommendations for the International Maritime Organization to acknowledge the regulatory difficulties and seize the opportunity to orchestrate environmental progress.  相似文献