冲断构造与正反转构造物理模拟实验的研究进展   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1       下载免费PDF全文

李涤  何登发  高敏 《地质科学》2014,(1):81-94

冲断构造和正反转构造是我国西部叠合盆地中典型的构造样式,其构造物理模拟实验是研究和模拟自然界冲断构造（正反转构造）变形特征和动力学过程的一种有效的实验方法。在查阅大量相关资料的基础上,本文概述了物理模拟实验的发展历史,以及国内外在实验理论、实验技术和从二维到三维转变等方面的研究现状。目前,构造物理模拟实验已被广泛应用于构造地质学、石油构造地质学等众多研究领域,是油气勘探研究由定性描述跨入半定量-定量分析的有效途径之一。本文分别阐述了冲断构造和正反转构造在近年来取得的进展：1）在冲断构造物理模拟实验方面,介绍了双指向冲断构造和推覆体、地表作用对冲断构造的影响以及冲断构造中地层缩短量和应变等3方面的进展;2）在正反转构造物理模拟实验方面主要讲述了基底对反转构造演化型式的制约以及反转临界条件的三维构造模拟取得的进展。同时,认为物理模拟在未来的发展过程中应紧密结合数值模拟、高精度成像技术和数据采集技术等。作为研究构造变形机制的重要媒介,冲断构造物理模拟在塑性变形对冲断构造的影响、如何反映现代构造地质学成果以及模拟过程中如何加入化学物质迁移等问题方面仍存在不足。此外,高端实验室的建设和模拟技术也是构造物理模拟实验面临的一个问题。  相似文献   

Pioneers of Jamaican geology and the Jamaica Group of the Geologists’ Association (1955–1959)     

Stephen K. Donovan 《Proceedings of the Geologists' Association. Geologists' Association》2014

The formation of a geological society in Jamaica was dependent upon attaining a sufficient number of interested geologists on the island. Although the earliest study of Jamaican geology dated to the 1820s (De la Beche), few major geologists worked on the island in the 19th (Barrett, Sawkins, Hill) and early 20th centuries (Matley, Trechmann). A ‘critical mass’ of geologists was only attained in the 1950s after foundation of the third Geological Survey of the island, when, for the first time, the island had a resident geological intelligentsia. The director, V.A. Zans (1904–1961), was a Latvian geologist appointed from a camp for displaced persons. His staff included L.J. Chubb (1887–1971), who popularised geology in Jamaica. Chubb and his colleagues devised a three part plan for geological education in Jamaica: high schools were encouraged to introduce geology as an examination subject; introduction of geology as a part of the Natural Sciences curriculum at the University College of the West Indies was supported; and a local geological society for both amateurs and professionals was established. This society, the Jamaica Group of the Geologists’ Association, was established in 1955 and was the only such overseas group ever founded; Chubb was elected President. The first field trip was led by Zans and A.D. Foster in November 1955. The Group was reformed as the independent Geological Society of Jamaica (GSJ) in late 1959, again with Chubb as the first President. The GSJ remembers the name of its first President in the prestigious L.J. Chubb Award.  相似文献   

Transient and steady-state relative permeabilities from two-phase flow experiments in planar pore networks     

C.D. Tsakiroglou  D.G. Avraam  A.C. Payatakes 《Advances in water resources》2007

The water k_rw and oil k_ro relative permeability curves of a glass-etched planar pore network are estimated with history matching from transient displacement experiments performed at varying values of the capillary number, Ca  , for two fluid systems: one of intermediate and one of strong wettability. The transient _krw,_kro$k_{\text{rw}}\text{,}{k}_{\text{ro}}$ are compared to corresponding ones measured with the steady-state method on the same porous medium [Avraam DG, Payatakes AC. Flow regimes and relative permeabilities during steady-state two-phase flow in porous media. J Fluid Mech 1995;293:207–36; Avraam DG, Payatakes AC. Generalized relative permeability coefficients during steady-state two-phase flow in porous media and correlation with the flow mechanisms. Transport Porous Med 1995;20:135–68; Avraam DG, Payatakes AC. Flow mechanisms, relative permeabilities, and coupling effects in steady-state two-phase flow through porous media. The case of strong wettability. Ind Eng Chem Res 1999;38:778–86.], and potential differences from them are interpreted in the light of the differences between the transient growth pattern, and the steady-state two-phase flow regime. For intermediate wettability, the transient k_ro and k_rw exceed the corresponding steady-state functions at low Ca values and have the tendency to become smaller than the steady-state ones at high Ca values. For strong wettability, the transient k_ro and k_rw are increasing functions of Ca, the transient k_ro is higher than the steady-state one, whereas the transient k_rw decreases substantially and becomes lower than the steady-state one at low Ca values. The dynamic capillary pressure estimated from transient experiments is a decreasing function of Ca in agreement with previous theoretical and experimental studies.  相似文献   

Heavy ion reflection and heating by collisionless shocks in polar solar corona     

Gaetano Zimbardo 《Planetary and Space Science》2011,59(7):468-1498

We propose a new model for explaining the observations of preferential heating of heavy ions in the polar solar corona. We consider that a large number of small scale shock waves can be present in the solar corona, as suggested by recent observations of polar coronal jets by the Hinode and STEREO spacecraft. The heavy ion energization mechanism is, essentially, the ion reflection off supercritical quasi-perpendicular collisionless shocks in the corona and the subsequent acceleration by the motional electric field E=−(1/c)V ×B. The acceleration due to E is perpendicular to the magnetic field, giving rise to large temperature anisotropy with T_⊥?T_∥, which can excite ion cyclotron waves. Also, heating is more than mass proportional with respect to protons, because the heavy ion orbit is mostly upstream of the quasi-perpendicular shock foot. The observed temperature ratios between O⁵⁺ ions and protons in the polar corona, and between α particles and protons in the solar wind are easily recovered. We also discuss the mechanism of heavy ion reflection, which is based on ion gyration in the magnetic overshoot of the shock.  相似文献