欧洲共同体国家地壳流体研究的概况和进展   总被引：7，自引：2，他引：7  

李伟源 《地学前缘》1996,3(4):313-323

地壳流体在主岩溶解和迁移过程中，以搬运和交换物质、传输和释放能量的基本作用广泛影响地壳内部的造山、变质、成岩、成矿等地质作用和过程。流体的地质作用具有岩石圈动力学和大陆动力学的意义，是地球科学跨世纪的重大进展之一。文章从三个方面概述欧共体国家在近十年来对地壳流体研究的概况和进展：（１）７０年代始意大利托斯卡纳地热田的开发和利用对新生代—现代地热田热水系统近地表的超热地壳流体的研究成果；（２）８０年代欧共体国家开展的跨国多学科重大基础研究项目“欧洲地壳剖面综合地质调查”对欧洲中部华力西带结晶基底和中—新生代沉积盖层古地壳流体的研究成果；（３）９０年代联邦德国大陆超深钻现代和古地壳流体的研究成果。  相似文献   

Environmental problems and policies in East Central Europe: A changing agenda     

David Turnock 《GeoJournal》2001,55(2-4):485-505

Considerable environmental damage occurred during the socialist era as a consequence of the rapid rate of economic growth with low priority for the quality of life. High levels of air and water pollution impacted negatively on human health as well as the physical environment. The rural areas did not escape because of soil and forest degradation, while open pit mining and associated tipping devastated large areas of countryside especially in former Czechoslovakia and East Germany. The Chernobyl nuclear disaster proved to be a turning point since public opinion was mobilised to the point that underground movements began to lobby for improvements and environmental quality became a factor in system change in 1989. Much has been achieved over the past decade, thanks in part to expertise and financial help from abroad, and the priority currently being given to membership of the European Union means that all the requirements of the environmental 'acquis' must be met over the medium term. However, the 1990s have also introduced the sustainability agenda and current challenges are much more extensive that those of the past. While many obligations now carry the full force of law, it is also evident that sustainability is a matter for interpretation nationally and locally in the light of economic pressures and cultural values, moderated through the education process and negotiation with both statutory bodies and environmental non-governmental organisations (ENGOs). This paper therefore serves as a context for the more local studies that follow. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.  相似文献   

Convergence or divergence?: Status and prospects for US climate strategy     

Atle Christer Christiansen 《Climate Policy》2003,3(4):343-358

The objective of this paper is to assess recent developments and prospects for future changes in United States (US) climate strategy. In doing so, the paper explores some of the key factors that have shaped strategies and policies to date, distinguishing between factors related to institutional and governance structures, linkages between science and policy, energy technology and the role of interest groups. Against this background, the paper attempts to explore future development paths for US climate policy. More specifically, the paper assesses opportunities for policy changes compared to the preferences of the current administration, and the prospects for future linkages between US and international climate change strategies. In brief, the paper argues that substantial changes are unlikely to take place in the near to medium term, leaving open, however, the possibility of wide-ranging changes in domestic politics or major incidents that could facilitate a shift in the perceived need for near-term action.  相似文献   

The social construction of the service sector: institutional structures and labour market outcomes     

Mia Gray 《Geoforum》2004,35(1):23-34

I argue that the characterisation of the lower end of the service sector as innately poorly paid, casualised and unorganised confuses cause and effect. It describes the effects of an institutional vacuum that allows this sector to suffer severe wage competition, which results in low wages and poor working conditions. There is nothing innate in the lower end of the service sector that makes these jobs poorly paid except the lack of institutions, such as unions and the state, structuring this segment of the labour market. Pay and working conditions vary within the sector and between specific locations, and depend on institutions, or the lack of institutions, to structure the local labour market. I use the case of hotel employees and restaurant employees in Las Vegas to show that not only can high union densities affect wages and other measurable benefits but a strategically unionised labour market also can transform the structure of the labour market itself.  相似文献   

Do firms adopt lower standards in poorer areas? Corporate social responsibility and environmental justice in the EU and the US   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Andy Gouldson 《Area》2006,38(4):402-412

Within the context of broader debates on corporate social responsibility (CSR) and environmental justice (EJ), this paper examines three key questions: first, how the standards that corporations adopt at the global scale trickle down into local site-level practices; second, whether levels of corporate environmental performance vary from place to place; and third whether any variations in corporate environmental performance relate to the principles of EJ. To do this, the analysis draws upon recently disclosed data to evaluate variations in the environmental performance of oil refineries across the US and the EU. It finds significant variations in emissions of some key pollutants. These exist both across the range of refineries, with dirtier refineries emitting at least five times as much as cleaner refineries, and between the EU and the US, with refineries in the EU emitting more than twice as much as refineries in the US. At the local level, it finds that there are correlations between higher levels of emissions from refineries and lower levels of income, employment and population density. Although these findings provide support for some of the contentions of the EJ movement, they do not say anything about causality, and as a result we cannot say definitively that companies adopt lower standards in poorer areas.  相似文献   

Neoliberalism, climate governance and the scalar politics of EU emissions trading     

Ian Bailey 《Area》2007,39(4):431-442

The neoliberalisation of international climate policy through devices such as emissions trading has led to a significant restructuring of governance competencies between supranational, national and non-state actors. This article explores the implications of this restructuring for the scalar politics of climate governance by examining the European Union emissions trading scheme, the world's largest multi-state carbon-trading scheme. Analysis shows that although the member states were prepared to accede to a common legal framework for emissions trading, its implementation has been characterised by intense sovereignty disputes over emissions allowances. The article concludes by reflecting on the scalar politics of international climate governance in an unevenly regulated and competitive world.  相似文献   

Diversity of greenhouse gas emission drivers across European countries since the 2008 crisis     

Quentin Perrier  Céline Guivarch  Olivier Boucher 《Climate Policy》2019,19(9):1067-1087

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欧盟排放权交易机制之立法解析   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

付璐 《地域研究与开发》2009,28(1)

欧盟于2005年建立了世界上第一个跨国排放权交易机制,经过3年的发展时间,业已成为当今全球最大的碳市场.2008年年初欧洲委员会提交了修改排放权交易机制指令的提案,目的是进一步改善和扩大现行的排放权交易机制,此举势必影响未来全球碳市场的发展趋势.力图从法律的角度对欧盟排放权交易机制进行剖析,解析排放权交易机制的立法背景与主要的立法内容,希冀为我国应对气候变化政策法律的制定以及碳市场的建立提供一定的启示和参考.  相似文献   

New Zealand Geography and the International Geographical Union Part II: Audience to stage, 1956–1974     

Michael Roche 《New Zealand geographer》2019,75(2):51-62

A second phase of New Zealand engagement with the International Geographical Union spans from 1956 to 1974. The nature of this engagement which culminated in the hosting of a Regional Conference in New Zealand in 1974 is the subject of this paper.  相似文献   

A virtual capital for the European Union?     

Virginie Mamadouh 《GeoJournal》2000,51(1-2):113-128

This article explores the websites of the key institutions of the European Union to consider whether these applications of the new information and communication technologies may become a functional equivalent of the national capital city in the emerging supranational political arena. Three functions of capital cities are evaluated: that of command centre, showcase and cultural arena. The websites under consideration do provide a representation of the EU command centre, and they also offer detailed information useful for those monitoring and partaking in the EU decision-making process. They are underused as supranational showcase, with the noticeable exception of their institutionalisation of multilingualism. And they do offer a rudimentary EU-wide public space. The findings suggest that there is a real potential that could be exploited by the EU institutions to foster the expression of the supranational community.  相似文献