Estimation of Contamination of ERS-2 and POSEIDON Satellite Radar Altimetry Close to the Coasts of Australia     

X. Deng  W. E. Featherstone  C. Hwang  P. A. M. Berry 《Marine Geodesy》2013,36(4):249-271

It is broadly acknowledged that the precision of satellite-altimeter-measured instantaneous sea surface heights (SSH) is lower in coastal regions than in open oceans, due partly to contamination of the radar return from the coastal sea-surface state and from land topography. This study investigates the behavior of ERS-2 and POSEIDON altimeter waveform data in coastal regions and estimates a boundary around Australia's coasts in which the altimeter range may be poorly estimated by on-satellite tracking software. Over one million 20 Hz ERS-2 (March to April 1999) and POSEIDON (January 1998 to January 1999) radar altimeter waveform data were used over an area extending 350 km offshore Australia. The DS759.2 (5'resolution) ocean depth model and the GSHHS (0.2 km resolution) shoreline model were used together to define the coastal regions. Using the 50% threshold retracking points as the estimates of expected tracking gate, we determined that the sea surface height is contaminated out to maximum distance of between about 8 km and 22 km from the Australian shoreline for ERS-2, depending partly on coastal topography. Using the standard deviation of the mean waveforms as an indication of the general variability of the altimeter returns in the Australian coastal region shows obvious coastal contamination out to about 4 km for both altimeters, and less obvious contamination out to about 8 km for POSEIDON and 10 km for ERS-2. Therefore, ERS-2 and POSEIDON satellite altimeter data should be treated with some caution for distances less than about 22 km from the Australian coast and probably ignored altogether for distances less than 4 km.  相似文献   

The tipping point trend in climate change communication     

Chris Russill  Zoe Nyssa   《Global Environmental Change》2009,19(3):336-344

This article documents the use of tipping points in climate change discourse to discuss their significance. We review the relevant literature, and discuss the popular emergence of tipping points before their adoption in climate change discourse. We describe the tipping point trend in mainstream US and UK print news media and in the primary scientific literature on climate change by replicating the methodologies of Oreskes [Oreskes, N., 2004. The scientific consensus on climate change. Nature 306, 1686] and Boykoff and Boykoff [Boykoff, M.T., Boykoff, J.M., 2004. Balance as bias: global warming and the US prestige press. Global Environmental Change 14, 125–136]. We then discuss the significance of climate change tipping points and their popular use in terms of generative metaphor.  相似文献   

雷暴云内电场探测仪及初步实验结果   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

赵中阔  郄秀书  张广庶  张廷龙  张彤  郭凤霞  窦志强 《高原气象》2008,27(4)

雷暴云内的电场探空是了解雷暴电荷结构的重要手段之一。为了定量了解雷暴云内的电场分布以确定雷暴的电荷结构,本文根据强电场环境中尖端放电原理,制作了尖端放电电流传感器。该电流传感器包括两根长度均为1 m的同轴电缆和一个时间常数为0.1 s、量程±16μА的精密电流放大电路;两根同轴电缆悬空垂直于地面,相对放大电路对称布置,两个尖端的长度为5~6 cm。利用该电流传感器,同时配合温度、相对湿度、GPS等传感器,组成了雷暴云内电场综合探空仪,并于2007年夏天在甘肃平凉地区进行了初步实验。利用雷暴天气条件下的大气平均电场仪与尖端放电电流传感器进行的地面同步观测记录,得出了大气电场—尖端放电电流的拟合关系,发现负电晕放电(尖端为阴极)的阈值电场和正电晕放电阈值电场存在一定差异,且负电晕放电的阈值较低。本文认为这一差异源于正、负电晕放电机制的差异。利用气球携带的电场综合探空仪进行了探空实验,得到了一次空中电场的初步探测结果,在此基础上,对探空路径上可能存在的电荷区域进行了分析。  相似文献   

1949年前中国的两个地震研究系统   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

吴瑾冰 《山西地震》1997,(3):24-28

叙述了１９４９年前中国从事地震研究工作的２个系统。主要介绍了在蒋丙燃和竺可桢２位先生先后领导下由王应伟和金咏深等所做的工作。着重介绍了《近世地震学》和这一论著的主要观点。第２个是地质系统，介绍了翁文灏先生以及他在《锥指集》中对地震发生和预测方面的各种论点。  相似文献   

香港降水的短期气候预测   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

简裕庚  周文  陈创买  温之平 《热带地理》2001,21(2):125-130

利用正规化周期回归分析方法和门限自回归理论对香港1853-1995年月降水资料进行了建模和拟合，并对1996年进行了预报试验，正规化周期回归拟合效果较好，对香港7个时距的试报准确率为71%，建立了7个时距的10年滑动平均序列的门限自回归模型，模型对序列拟合效果较理想，预报误差较小，试报准确率主国100%。  相似文献   

一非线性统计－动力气候模式及其降水预报试验     

郑建萌  曹杰  李敏  王宇 《高原气象》1996,(3)

在带有线性反馈的统计－动力气候模式的基础上，提出了一种非线性统计－动力气候模式。该模式的实质是用逐段线性化的统计－动力气候模式来描述气候系统的总体非线性变化特征。试验结果表明，该模式能更客观地预测气候变化  相似文献   

Multi-step SETARMA predictors in the analysis of hydrological time series   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Alessandra Amendola  Marcella Niglio 《Physics and Chemistry of the Earth》2006,31(18):1118-1126

The performance of the self-exciting threshold autoregressive moving average model in forecasting river flow data is investigated. Multi-step forecasts of two daily time series are generated through three different nonlinear predictors. The model adequacy to capture the main features of the data under study and its forecasting performance are analysed and discussed.  相似文献   

Using Chlorine Dioxide for Drinking Water Disinfection by the Application of the Chlorite/Chlorine Process     

Wido Schmidt 《洁净——土壤、空气、水》2004,32(1):48-60

Chlorine dioxide stock solutions for the disinfection of drinking water are made by the application of chlorite/chlorine process in many waterworks. In such cases the stock solution is always characterised by a mixture of chlorine and chlorine dioxide. The disinfection of waters of different origin with a mixture of chlorine dioxide and chlorine showed the formation of odours of different intensity. The reasons are the re‐formation of chlorine dioxide and the formation of odorous disinfection by‐products. Applying the chlorine dioxide for disinfection, its re‐formation caused by the reaction of chlorite with chlorine is the dominant reason of odour formation. When chlorine is used, the formation of odorous by‐products becomes more relevant. In order to quantify the sensitivity of water concerning odour, the odour indicator coefficient OI was defined. The decreased demand of chlorine dioxide by applying chlorine and chlorine dioxide in combination is recognised to be the key in order to avoid the formation of odour after the disinfection of drinking water with chlorine dioxide.  相似文献   

Double-thresholds in scour–fill processes and some implications in channel adjustment     

Jiongxin Xu 《Geomorphology》2004,57(3-4):321-330

Through an analysis of data collected from the Yellow River and its tributaries on the Loess Plateau of China, the phenomenon of double-thresholds in scour–fill processes of wide-range water-sediment two-phase flows has been shown. Thresholds located in non-hyperconcentrated flows may be called the lower threshold, and that in hyperconcentrated flows the upper threshold. This double-threshold phenomenon leads to complicated sediment transport behavior of heavily sediment-laden rivers. With an increase in suspended sediment concentration, the channel sediment delivery ratio increases initially and becomes higher than 1, followed by a decrease and finally becomes lower than 1 again.Controlled by the double-thresholds in the scour–fill processes, channel adjustment of the lower Yellow River is non-linear and complex. When the suspended concentrations were lower than the lower threshold or higher than the upper threshold, scour or bed downcutting was the dominant channel-forming process. Channel shape tends to be narrower and deeper, and the channel thalweg became more sinuous. When the suspended concentrations lay between the lower and upper thresholds, deposition of sediment was the dominant channel-forming process; channel shape tended to be shallower and wider, and channel thalweg became less sinuous.  相似文献   

INITIATION OF SHELL MOTION ON SAND BEDS: AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY     

Subhasish DEY  Alok KUMAR 《国际泥沙研究》2002,17(4)

1 INTRODUCTION Bivalve shells are found in biologically productive coastal regions encompassing the surf zone, tidal entrance and estuarine waters near the entrances. An example of a beach composed exclusively of shells (about 97% of the surficial sedimentary material) is the beach at John o'Groats in Scotland (Raymond and Hutchins, 1932; Komar, 1976). Southern Gulf Coast of Florida in USA (Runsak et al., 1966; Austin, 1971) and the banks of Lower Medway estuary in England (Kirby,…  相似文献