Human exposure to mercury as a consequence of landscape management and socio-economical behaviors： Three case studies in Canada     

《中国地球化学学报》2006,25(B08):242-243

In direct continuation with the acquired knowledge of ecosystem approach for the presence of mercury in the Amazon, we have launched in 2001 the NSERC-supported pan-Canadian COMERN project. This Collaborative Mercury Research Network addresses the urgent need for the development of a framework enabling researchers, political stakeholders, and communities concerned by the mercury question to evolve towards an interdisciplinary association capable of synergistically combining our knowledge on Hg into an original synthesis. We are presenting a simple integrated indicator representative of the specific susceptibility of an ecosystem to Hg bioaccumulation and subsequent transfer to humans. This indicator includes three concepts： （1） the sensitivity to bioaccumulation, induced and influenced by factors such as the Hg loading, the different transport and methylation processes, and human activities; （2） the vulnerability of the populations exposed to Hg through consumption of local and market fish; and （3） the adaptability of the ecosystem and the people living into it, an evaluation of its resilience, or its capacity to recover and/or to cope with the contamination, taking into account the social and political resources within the communities impacted.  相似文献   

骨骼同位素揭示的天山南麓中部地区察吾呼文化人群生业模式——以和静县莫呼查汗遗址为例     

董惟妙  安成邦  张铁男  阿里甫江·尼亚孜 《第四纪研究》2022,42(1):80-91

察吾呼文化是青铜时代晚期至早期铁器时代新疆天山中部地区一支非常重要的考古学文化类型,尽管发现和发掘的该文化遗存较多,但针对该文化人群的生业模式的研究尚待深入.本研究选取了位于天山南麓中部的和静县莫呼查汗墓地以及遗址出土的人和动物骨骼材料进行碳氮稳定同位素分析,以揭示距今约3000年前该区域居民的食谱构成和生业模式形态....  相似文献   

史前人类探索、适应和定居青藏高原的历程及其阶段性讨论   总被引：3，自引：1，他引：2  

陈发虎  夏欢  高玉  张东菊  杨晓燕  董广辉 《地理科学》2022,42(1):1-14

系统梳理了近年来的考古发现与研究成果,总结出人类向青藏高原扩散直至定居的5个阶段性发展过程：古老型智人自中更新世晚期就开始了对高原的适应;现代智人于40~30 ka前已经开启了对高原腹地的探索;末次冰消期以来的气候转暖时段,细石器人群向高原大范围扩散,并在全新世早中期的活动更为频繁;粟作农业人群至少在5.2 ka前进入高原东部低海拔的河谷地带,在4.8 ka以后开始定居在高原东部3 000 m以上海拔的区域;3.5 ka以来麦作的传入和牧业经济的发展助力人群大规模定居高海拔区域。人类在向高原扩散和定居的过程中经历了漫长的生理与文化适应,但受限于当前考古发现与研究材料,史前狩猎采集、农业和牧业等人群在高原的时空分布、对高海拔环境的生理与行为适应﹑与低海拔人群和以藏族为主的现代高原人群之间的联系,以及高寒地区河谷农业和山地高原面游牧双重经济活动对高寒文明形成的支撑作用和高寒文明的普适性等问题仍需要深入研究,期待未来多学科交叉融合共同推动对这些问题的理解。  相似文献   

新时代老龄化与养老资源适配度时空差异及其影响因素分析     

吉宇琴  姜会明 《地理科学》2022,42(5):851-862

运用核密度估计、耦合协调模型、空间杜宾模型等方法对中国老龄化、养老资源配置、养老资源配置与老龄化适配度的演化格局进行了探讨,并揭示空间适配的影响因素,研究发现：① 中国老龄化程度不断上升,且呈现“东高西低”空间特征;② 中国养老资源配置整体水平提高,空间分布上离散程度上升,各省（区、市）之间的绝对差异随着时间的推移呈扩大态势;③ 各省（区、市）养老资源与老龄化的空间适配度明显改善,适配度呈现东部沿海向中西部递减的发展格局,空间集聚程度不断提高;④ 养老投资、政策关注度、养老相关志愿者、老年人抚养比均推动本地养老资源与人口老龄化的空间适配,养老相关志愿者、老年人抚养比还具有明显的正向溢出效应,而老年人协会则抑制周边地区养老资源空间适配。  相似文献   

社区尺度社会—生态系统适应途径述评     

王奕佳  刘焱序  宋爽  姚莹  傅伯杰 《地理科学进展》2022,41(5):935-944

全球变化背景下,社区作为社会—生态系统的基础单元,既面临着可能或已经出现的冲击性干扰,也发生着系统结构和功能的趋势性变化。以社区为基础的适应(community-based adaptation, CBA)便为社区缓解变化甚至抓住时机转型提供了一种有效的应对方式。为了把握当前社区社会—生态系统适应途径的机理,论文梳理了近20 a来关于社区社会—生态系统适应的研究。在CBA过程中,资助机构、权力机构、研究机构和执行者是参与行动的主体。适应主体所要适应的对象有冲击性的一阶影响,也有伴生的二阶影响。适应途径具有层次,对应的步骤包括明晰适应对象、清算适应资产、评估适应能力、摸清适应需求、确立适应目的、划分适应阶段、制定适应措施和采取适应措施8个步骤。物质障碍、资源障碍和社会障碍的负向作用则会诱发适应不良。基于此,论文提出优化以社区为基础的适应途径的研究方向展望,包括完善监测和评估体系以搭建长期社区适应的指标框架、以社会—生态网络为抓手强化多主体决策和促进基于自然的解决方案整体提升社会—生态系统适应能力。  相似文献   

Are We There Yet? NSW local governments’ progress on climate change     

Dale S.M. Fallon  Caroline A. Sullivan 《The Australian geographer》2014,45(2):221-238

Local governments are responding to top-down policy initiatives from both federal and State governments to reduce emissions, and adapt to any potential impacts of climate change. Although climate change is clearly a global problem, many of the solutions will be implemented at the local level. To explore this issue, the aim of this research was to examine regional variation in climate change response across New South Wales (NSW). To this end, between September 2010 and September 2011, we reviewed publicly available council and regional documentations for all NSW councils. The indicators of response examined were based on the NSW Greenhouse Plan (2005). These were awareness-raising, emissions reduction and adaptation planning. It was found that councils were undertaking many practical projects to fulfil the goals of this plan. As a result, they are abating significant quantities of emissions. Adaptation is progressing through the development of risk-based climate change adaptation plans. Councils are addressing particular areas of management, such as water management, assisted by guidelines which incorporate consideration for climate change as part of best practice. While overall responses to this threat are progressing, a distinct urban bias in action has been observed, due to biases in policy and funding arrangements.  相似文献   

Ecological adaptation of Reaumuria soongorica root system architecture to arid environments     

LiShan Shan  Yi Li  DongMei Geng  QiuLian Dong 《寒旱区科学》2014,6(2):0150-0158

The architectural parameters of Reaumuria soongorica root system in different habitats of Gansu Province, China were analyzed to examine its ecological adaptability to arid environments. Results show that： （1） Topological indices of R. Soongorica root sys- tem are small in all habitats, and root branching pattem tends to be dichotomous. Also, the indices gradually increase in the Min- qin windblown sand region and the Zhangye Gobi region in Hexi Corridor, which indicates that drought tends to produce her- ringbone-like root branching pattems. （2） Fractal dimension values ofR. Soongorica root system are small and not obvious in the Minqin windblown sand region and the Zhangye Gobi region in Hexi Corridor, with values of 1.1778 and 1.1169, respectively. Fractal dimension values are relatively large in Jiuzhoutai semi-arid hilly and gully region of the Loess Plateau, which indicates that the R. Soongorica root system has better fractal characteristics in this region than in the other regions. （3） Total branching ra- tios of the R. Soongorica root system in arid regions of Hexi Corridor are smaller than that in the Jiuzhoutai semi-arid hilly and gully region of the Loess Plateau. This shows that root branching ability in the semi-arid region is stronger, and it decreases to some degree with increased drought. （4） The root connection lengths of R. soongorica root system are long in all habitats, but there are significant length differences between the different habitats. The root connection length at the Minqin windblown sand region is the longest. It is concluded that R. soongoriea adapts to arid environments by decreasing root branching, decreasing root overlap and increasing root connection length, which makes its root branching pattern tend to be herringbone-like to reduce com- petition in root internal environment for nutrients and to enhance root absorption rate of nutrients, and ensure effective nutrition space. Thus the roots can absorb enough water and nutrients in resource-poor settings to ensure normal physiological requirements.  相似文献   

Impacts of climate change on water resources in Spain     

T. Estrela 《水文科学杂志》2013,58(6):1154-1167

Abstract

Impacts on water resources produced by climate change can be exacerbated when occurring in regions already presenting low water resources levels and frequent droughts, and subject to imbalances between water demands and available resources. Within Europe, according to existing climate change scenarios, water resources will be severely affected in Spain. However, the detection of those effects is not simple, because the natural variability of the water cycle and the effects of water abstractions on flow discharges complicate the establishment of clear trends. Therefore, there is a need to improve the assessment of climate change impacts by using hydrological simulation models. This paper reviews water resources and their variability in Spain, the recent modelling studies on hydrological effects of climate change, expected impacts on water resources, the implications in river basins and the current policy actions.

Editor Z.W. Kundzewicz

Citation Estrela, T., Pérez-Martin, M.A., and Vargas, E., 2012. Impacts of climate change on water resources in Spain. Hydrological Sciences Journal, 57 (6), 1154–1167.  相似文献   

Assessing and reducing vulnerability to climate change: Moving from theory to practical decision-support     

《Marine Policy》2016

As climate change continues to impact socio-ecological systems, tools that assist conservation managers to understand vulnerability and target adaptations are essential. Quantitative assessments of vulnerability are rare because available frameworks are complex and lack guidance for dealing with data limitations and integrating across scales and disciplines. This paper describes a semi-quantitative method for assessing vulnerability to climate change that integrates socio-ecological factors to address management objectives and support decision-making. The method applies a framework first adopted by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change and uses a structured 10-step process. The scores for each framework element are normalized and multiplied to produce a vulnerability score and then the assessed components are ranked from high to low vulnerability. Sensitivity analyses determine which indicators most influence the analysis and the resultant decision-making process so data quality for these indicators can be reviewed to increase robustness. Prioritisation of components for conservation considers other economic, social and cultural values with vulnerability rankings to target actions that reduce vulnerability to climate change by decreasing exposure or sensitivity and/or increasing adaptive capacity. This framework provides practical decision-support and has been applied to marine ecosystems and fisheries, with two case applications provided as examples: (1) food security in Pacific Island nations under climate-driven fish declines, and (2) fisheries in the Gulf of Carpentaria, northern Australia. The step-wise process outlined here is broadly applicable and can be undertaken with minimal resources using existing data, thereby having great potential to inform adaptive natural resource management in diverse locations.  相似文献   

Hierarchical extraction of landslides from multiresolution remotely sensed optical images     

《ISPRS Journal of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing》2014

The automated detection and mapping of landslides from Very High Resolution (VHR) images present several challenges related to the heterogeneity of landslide sizes, shapes and soil surface characteristics. However, a common geomorphological characteristic of landslides is to be organized with a series of embedded and scaled features. These properties motivated the use of a multiresolution image analysis approach for their detection. In this work, we propose a hybrid segmentation/classification region-based method, devoted to this specific issue. The method, which uses images of the same area at various spatial resolutions (Medium to Very High Resolution), relies on a recently introduced top-down hierarchical framework. In the specific context of landslide analysis, two main novelties are introduced to enrich this framework. The first novelty consists of using non-spectral information, obtained from Digital Terrain Model (DTM), as a priori knowledge for the guidance of the segmentation/classification process. The second novelty consists of using a new domain adaptation strategy, that allows to reduce the expert’s interaction when handling large image datasets. Experiments performed on satellite images acquired over terrains affected by landslides demonstrate the efficiency of the proposed method with different hierarchical levels of detail addressing various operational needs.  相似文献