Flow,frequency, and uncertainty estimation for an extreme historical flood event in the Highlands of Scotland,UK     

David Cameron 《水文研究》2007,21(11):1460-1470

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滚动轴承内外圈滚道的磁力研磨研究     

张世亮 《广东海洋大学学报》1994,(1)

采用直流励磁装置、磁性磨料及工件共同构成磁加工系统。磁性磨料在磁场的作用下，对轴承内、外圈滚道以磁刷的形式进行研磨。由于磨料的可流动性，加工时既能满足对被加工表面粗糙度的加工要求，又能较好地保持工件原有的形位精度；且加工后在被加工表面形成一定的压应力，使工件的抗疲劳强度提高，使用寿命延长。  相似文献   

Measuring the flow resistance of submerged grass     

C. A. M. E. Wilson  M. S. Horritt 《水文研究》2002,16(13):2589-2598

Through laboratory experiments conducted in a grass‐lined flume, the hydraulic resistance of grass is measured and quantified. For the grass examined, it is found that Manning's n value is greater than those recommended in well‐established texts such as Chow (1959. Open Channel Flow. McGraw‐Hill: Singapore), relatively lower than those predicted by n‐UR methods, but corresponds well with the value found from calibration studies of two‐ and three‐dimensional numerical models. The assumption of a uniform Manning's n value with flow depth, which is often made in numerical modelling, may be invalid depending on the relative submergence of the vegetation. Drag coefficients are evaluated for a method applicable to three‐dimensional numerical models. Further detailed experimental investigation and application of these approaches within a numerical modelling framework is now recommended. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

刚性挡墙后非饱和土破坏模式及主动土压力计算     

邓波  杨明辉  王东星  樊军伟 《岩土力学》2022,43(9):2371-2382

目前主动土压力计算方法多仅针对土体处于饱和或干燥状态,忽略了其从非饱和到局部饱和,或饱和到非饱和的渐变过程,进而导致计算结果失真。鉴于此,首先开展了一系列刚性挡墙非饱和砂土主动土压力模型试验,揭示了墙后土体的破坏规律：（1）墙后土体顶部出现了近似竖直裂缝,且其发展深度随墙面粗糙度和含水率的增加而变大;（2）墙土界面摩擦对塑性区形状影响较小,且在挡墙移动过程中,墙后土体塑性区形状始终近似保持为平面。在试验基础上,引入广义有效应力原理,基于极限平衡分析建立了考虑吸应力效应的非饱和土主动土压力计算方法,理论与试验实测值表明,所提方法相比其他方法,更接近于试验值。分析了各主要因素对非饱和土压力分布规律的影响,结果表明：主动土压力随有效内摩擦角值增加而减少,而界面摩擦角对其分布影响较小;相比于无吸力情况,考虑吸力时主动土压力更小;随着进气值增加,吸应力对主动土压力的贡献减少,最终趋于恒定。  相似文献   

Determination of allowable subgrade frost heave with the pavement roughness index in numerical analysis     

HongYan M  Feng Zhang  DeCheng Feng  Bo Lin 《寒旱区科学》2015,7(5):587-593

Frost heave is an upward swelling of soil during cryogenic conditions in cold regions. It is caused by the accumulation of ice crystals in subgrade soil, which grow upwards when freezing temperatures penetrate into the subgrade. This study establishes the allowable soil subgrade frost heave based on the roughness standard of asphalt pavement in China, and aims to balance the pavement design and frost heave resistance of subgrades in cold regions. We formulated a mechanical model of pavement supported by the boundary conditions of differential frost heave, based on the elastic layered system theory. The differential soil subgrade frost heave was modeled as a sinusoidal function, and the allowable frost heave and the roughness index were modeled as the displacement boundaries for the top and bottom of the pavement structure. Then the allowable frost heave was back-calculated according to the roughness standard. Numerical results show that the allowable frost heave depends on the pavement structure, material properties, the highway grade, and other factors. In order to ensure that the actual soil subgrade frost heave is lower than the allowable frost heave, pavement structures and materials need to be selected and designed carefully. The numerical method proposed here can be applied to establish the frost heave resistance of subgrade when the pavement structure and materials are determined.  相似文献   

A coupled modeling study of mechanical and thermodynamical air-ocean interface processes under sea storm conditions     

《Dynamics of Atmospheres and Oceans》2020

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粗糙元几何参数的交互作用对床面空气动力学粗糙度的影响   总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0  

梅凡民  蒋缠文  江姗姗  王涛 《中国沙漠》2012,32(6):1534-1541

 为了全面地揭示粗糙元的所有几何参数的交互作用对空气动力学粗糙度的影响,利用风洞实验研究了粗糙元高度、密度、高度与间距比、孔隙度和方向比率等几何参数交互作用对空气动力学粗糙度的影响。结果表明,密实和孔隙粗糙元的无量纲空气动力学粗糙度（空气动力学粗糙度度/粗糙元高度）均可表示为粗糙元密度/等效密度的正比例函数,而比例系数反映了粗糙元几何参数交互作用。据此,该研究发展了一个全面反映粗糙元高度h、密度/等效密度λ、高度与行间距比Sp和方向比率AR等几何参数交互作用的空气动力学粗糙度模式:Z0h=-0.0028+0.5403S0.32p·AR-0.07·λ。该模式改进了模拟的精度,扩大了适用范围。  相似文献   

中国西北干旱区戈壁下垫面夏季的热力输送   总被引：6，自引：1，他引：5  

周德刚  黄刚  马耀明 《南京气象学院学报》2012,(5):541-549

以敦煌戈壁站2004年6月和2008年8月的常规观测和超声观测为例,分析了西北干旱区戈壁下垫面夏季热力输送的一般过程及特征。首先评价了湍流通量的观测质量以及仪器观测的地表能量通量闭合问题,结果表明敦煌戈壁站的观测在白天总体较好。夏季地表能量通量的平均日变化显示,潜热通量整天都很小,可以忽略,白天到达地表的短波辐射以及地表向上的长波辐射非常强,地表净辐射主要转化为感热输送（敦煌戈壁站在中午时平均分别达380W·m-2以上和250W·m-2以上）;夜间土壤释放热量以平衡地表的辐射冷却,感热通量略低于0。白天时地表大气经常触发自由对流活动,影响动量通量的观测质量,并有效输送地表热力至上层大气中,有助于形成超厚大气边界层。分析了戈壁下垫面的动量粗糙度特征和热力粗糙度特征（敦煌戈壁站动量粗糙度约为0．6mm）,热力粗糙度基本小于动量粗糙度一个量级,这符合目前对干旱区戈壁下垫面热力输送特征的初步认识。  相似文献   

Wave-dependence of friction velocity,roughness length,and drag coefficient over coastal and open water surfaces by using three databases   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3  

高志球  周明煜 《大气科学进展》2009,26(5):887-894

The parameterization of friction velocity, roughness length, and the drag coefficient over coastal zones and open water surfaces enables us to better understand the physical processes of air-water interaction. In context of measurements from the Humidity Exchange over the Sea Main Experiment (HEXMAX), we recently proposed wave-parameter dependent approaches to sea surface friction velocity and the aerodynamic roughness by using the dimensional analysis method. To extend the application of these approaches to a range of natural surface conditions, the present study is to assess this approach by using both coastal shallow (RASEX) and open water surface measurements (Lake Ontario and Grand Banks ERS-1 SAR) where wind speeds were greater than 6.44 m s^-1. Friction velocities, the surface aerodynamic roughness, and the neutral drag coefficient estimated by these approaches under moderate wind conditions were compared with the measurements mentioned above. Results showed that the coefficients in these approaches for coastal shallow water surface differ from those for open water surfaces, and that the aerodynamic roughness length in terms of wave age or significant wave height should be treated differently for coastal shallow and open water surfaces.  相似文献   

黄土高原半干旱区非均一下垫面粗糙度分析   总被引：10，自引：6，他引：4       下载免费PDF全文

张文煜  张宇  陆晓静  郭振海  王晓妍 《高原气象》2009,28(4):763-768

利用2007年4月17日-2008年4月16日兰州大学半干旱气候与环境观测站边界层气象塔的风速、 风向、 温度、 气压、 湿度等观测资料, 采用经典的廓线法和风速、 风向标准差法, 分别计算了中性大气层结下观测站下垫面粗糙度长度, 并得到了具有黄土高原地理特征的地表粗糙度及其时空变化特征。计算结果表明, 季节变化对粗糙度的影响幅度可达0.159 m, 空间非均一性对粗糙度的影响幅度可达0.155 m。测站附近粗糙度春季为0.017 m, 夏季为0.062 m, 秋季为0.065 m, 冬季为0.018 m。测站西北方向上游粗糙度春季为0.17 m, 夏季为0.22 m, 秋季为0.34 m, 冬季为0.05 m。测站东南方向上游粗糙度春季为0.11 m, 夏季为0.17 m, 秋季为0.19 m, 冬季为0.05 m。该站下垫面粗糙度计算宜选用风速为6±1.5 m·s-1, 风向变化30°范围内的数据。  相似文献