Evaluation of 2D models for the prediction of surface depression storage using realistic reference values          下载免费PDF全文

R. Giménez  I. Mezkiritz  M.A. Campo  J. Álvarez‐Mozos  M. González‐Audicana  A. Martinez‐Agirre  J. Casalí 《水文研究》2016,30(18):3197-3209

Depression storage (DS) is the maximum storage of precipitation and runoff in the soil surface at a given slope. The DS is determined by soil roughness that in agricultural soils is largely affected by tillage. The direct measurement of DS is not straightforward because of the natural permeability of the soil. Therefore, DS has generally been estimated from 2D/3D empirical relationships and numerical algorithms based on roughness indexes and height measurements of the soil surface, respectively. The objective of this work was to evaluate the performance of some 2D models for DS, using direct and reliable measurements of DS in an agricultural soil as reference values. The study was carried out in experimental microplots where DS was measured in six situations resulting from the combination of three types of tillage carried out parallel and perpendicular to the main slope. Those data were used as reference to evaluate four empirical models and a numerical method. Longitudinal altitudinal profiles of the relief were obtained by a laser profilometer. Infiltration measurements were carried out before and after tillage. The DS was largely affected by tillage and its direction. Highest values of DS are found on rougher surfaces mainly when macroforms cut off the dominant slope. The empirical models had a limited performance while the numerical method was the most effective, even so, with an important variability. In addition, a correct hydrological management should take into account that each type of soil tillage affects infiltration rate differently. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

A simulation and prediction of agricultural irrigation on groundwater in well irrigation area of the piedmont of Mt. Taihang,North China     

Xuesen Mao  Jinsheng Jia  Changming Liu  Zhimin Hou 《水文研究》2005,19(10):2071-2084

Declining groundwater levels caused by irrigation is the main problem for agricultural development in Northern China. Due to both economics and increased population, surface water has become almost non‐existent and groundwater is the only water resource left. Currently the groundwater is declining at a rate between 50 and 100 cm per year. Sustainable development in Northern China requires effective management of the groundwater resources. In this study, the effect of future irrigation patterns on the decline of the groundwater table is examined with the aid of MODFLOW. MODFLOW was calibrated for five observation wells in the county. The calibrated model fitted the observed data well over a 7‐year period. The simulated results showed that the groundwater decline would be decreased, and perhaps halted, by decreasing the use of irrigation. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

Organic carbon transport in the Songhua River,NE China: Influence of land use          下载免费PDF全文

Huiguo Sun  Jingtai Han  Dongwei Li  Xixi Lu  Haibo Zhang  Wei Zhao 《水文研究》2017,31(11):2062-2075

Carbon transported by rivers is an important component of the global carbon cycle. Here, we report on organic carbon transport along the third largest river in China, the Songhua River, and its major tributaries. Water samples were collected seasonally or more frequently to determine dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and particulate organic carbon (POC) concentrations and C/N and stable carbon isotopic ratios. Principal component analysis and multiple regression analysis of these data, in combination with hydrological records for the past 50 years, were used to determine the major factors influencing the riverine carbon fluxes. Results indicate that the organic carbon in the Songhua River basin is derived mainly from terrestrial sources. In the 2008–2009 hydrological year, the mean concentrations of DOC and POC were 5.87 and 2.36 mg/L, and the estimated fluxes of the DOC and POC were 0.30 and 0.14 t·km^?2·year^?1, respectively. The riverine POC and DOC concentrations were higher in subcatchments with more cropland, but the area‐specific fluxes were lower, owing to decreased discharge. We found that hydrological characteristics and land‐use type (whether forest or cropland) were the most important factors influencing carbon transport in this system. Agricultural activity, particularly irrigation, is the principal cause of changes in water discharge and carbon export. Over the last 50 years, the conversion of forest to cropland has reduced riverine carbon exports mainly through an associated decrease in discharge following increased extraction of water for irrigation.  相似文献   

Analysis of agricultural drought in Iiuni,Eastern Kenya: application of a Markov model     

E. K. Biamah  G. Sterk  T. C. Sharma 《水文研究》2005,19(6):1307-1322

In semi‐arid Kenya, episodes of agricultural droughts of varying severity and duration occur. The occurrence of these agricultural droughts is associated with seasonal rainfall variability and can be reflected by seasonal soil moisture deficits that significantly affect crop performance and yield. The objective of this study was to stochastically simulate the behaviour of dry and wet spells and rainfall amounts in Iiuni watershed, Kenya. The stochastic behaviour of the longest dry and wet spells (runs) and largest rainfall amounts were simulated using a Markov (order 1) model. There were eight raingauge stations within the watershed. The entire analysis was carried out using probability parameters, i.e. mean, variance, simple and conditional probabilities of dry and rain days. An analysis of variance test (ANOVA ) was used to establish significant differences in rainfall characteristics between the eight stations. An analysis of the number of rain days and rainfall amount per rain day was done on a monthly basis to establish the distribution and reliability of seasonal rainfall. The graphic comparison of simulated cumulative distribution functions (Cdfs) of the longest spells and largest rainfall amounts showed Markovian dependence or persistence. The longest dry spells could extend to 24 days in the long rainy season and 12 in the short rainy season. At 50% (median) probability level, the largest rainfall amounts were 91 mm for the long rainy season and 136 mm for the short rainy season. The short rains were more reliable for crop production than the long rains. The Markov model performed well and gave adequate simulations of the spells and rainfall amounts under semi‐arid conditions. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

Estimation of soil losses within plots as affected by different agricultural land management     

E. A. AMPOFO  R. K. MUNI  M. BONSU 《水文科学杂志》2013,58(6):957-967

Abstract

Proper agricultural land management strategies improve soil structural properties, thereby reducing soil loss by water erosion. This study was conducted to estimate soil losses from plots of different agricultural land management using the Water Erosion Prediction Project (WEPP) (95.7) model. The study took place in a semiarid region in Kenya. The mean annual rainfall was 694 mm. The WEPP (95.7) model was initially used to estimate total sediment loading from the catchment into a reservoir. The estimate was about 2871 t corresponding to an average sedimentation rate of 1063 t km^?2 year^?1, which was about 76% of the measured total sediment inflow into the reservoir. Soil losses were estimated within 10 plots on the catchment of different sizes and slopes with the following treatments: conventional tillage (hand hoeing) with maize and soybean intercropping (HOCOBE); conservation tillage (disc plough) with maize and soybean intercropping (COBEAN); conservation tillage with only maize cultivation (CNTCORN); and conservation tillage with only soybean cultivation (CNTBEAN). The soil loss reduction of COBEAN, CNTCORN and CNTBEAN relative to HOCOBE ranged between 27–47%, 16–29% and 12–25%, respectively, depending on the size and slope of the plot. In general, conservation tillage reduced soil loss relative to conventional tillage. However, with conservation tillage, the single cropping system resulted in greater soil loss than the intercropping system. In the case of single cropping with conservation tillage, the soil loss reduction for maize ranged between 4 and 9%, relative to soybean. Overall, the study showed that there would be a significant reduction of soil losses from plots if conservation tillage with an intercropping system (maize and soybean) were to be adopted on agricultural lands in semiarid regions.  相似文献   

Using isotopes to understand the evolution of water ages in disturbed mixed land-use catchments     

Katya Dimitrova-Petrova  Josie Geris  Mark E. Wilkinson  Allan Lilly  Chris Soulsby 《水文研究》2020,34(4):972-990

Tracer studies have been key to unravelling catchment hydrological processes, yet most insights have been gained in environments with relatively low human impact. We investigated the spatial variability of stream isotopes and water ages to infer dominant flow paths in a ~10-km² nested catchment in a disturbed, predominantly agricultural environment in Scotland. We collected long-term (>5 years) stable isotope data of precipitation, artificial drainage, and four streams with varying soil and land use types in their catchment areas. Using a gamma model, Mean Transit Times (MTTs) were then estimated in order to understand the spatial variability of controls on water ages. Despite contrasting catchment characteristics, we found that MTTs in the streams were generally very similar and short (<1 year). MTTs of water in artificial drains were even shorter, ranging between 1 to 10 months for a typical field drain and <0.5 to 1 month for a country road drain. At the catchment scale, lack of heterogeneity in the response could be explained by the extensive artificial surface and subsurface drainage, “short-circuiting” younger water to the streams during storms. Under such conditions, additional intense disturbance associated with highway construction during the study period had no major effect on the stream isotope dynamics. Supplementary short-term (~14 months) sampling of mobile soil water in dominant soil-land use units also revealed that agricultural practices (ploughing of poorly draining soils and soil compaction due to grazing on freely draining soils) resulted in subtle MTT variations in soil water in the upper profile. Overall, the isotope dynamics and inferred MTTs suggest that the evolution of stream water ages in such a complex human-influenced environment are largely related to near-surface soil processes and the dominant soil management practices. This has direct implications for understanding and managing flood risk and contaminant transport in such environments.  相似文献   

农业气象测报工作基数统计系统开发与应用     

成兆金  庄立伟  李轩  吴门新 《气象科技》2019,47(2):367-372

本文介绍了农业气象测报工作基数统计系统(AgMOBase)的框架、数据库、功能模块设计与业务应用情况。AgMOBase系统是农业气象测报业务系统(AgMODOS)配套的业务软件,采用面向对象技术与模块化结构技术开发,由数据层、技术层、应用层和用户层组成4层架构结构。系统已在全国农业气象观测站业务应用,实现气象部门开展的农业气象观测质量考核和软件应用质量考核所规定的日常工作基数统计工作,提供个人和台站的月份/年度详细的基数统计报告。  相似文献   

基于无人机遥感的四川省昭觉县农业产业园土地适宜性评价          下载免费PDF全文

张景华  欧阳渊  陈远智  李富  刘小霞  刘洪  赵银兵 《中国地质》2021,48(6):1710-1719

昭觉县是大凉山腹地的典型彝族聚居县,也是国家级深度贫困县,以传统农业居多,为推动农业发展方式的转变,昭觉县开展了现代农业园建设。笔者通过无人机航测,获取了拟建园区的高分辨率影像,使用面向对象的影像分析软件,快速提取了土地利用现状等信息,结合收集的其他资料,筛选了坡度、坡向、断层、地质灾害、土地利用、灌溉、交通、自然保护区8个评价因子,在GIS的支持下,先开展单因子土地适应性评价,然后进行综合评价。结果显示：拟建园区土地适宜性以适宜性高和适宜性较高等级为主,二者合计2.56 km²、占79.26%,超过3/4,土地适宜性好,适宜建设现代农业产业园,适合建设标准化蔬菜温室大棚和露地蔬菜种植基地,建成后,不但可以为周边地市提供蔬菜供应,还可带动园区周围农户增收,促进周围农户脱贫,发展前景好。小型无人机遥感系统具有机动灵活、成本低的优势,能快速获取小区域、大尺度农业产业园区的基础数据,在西南地区小区域土地适宜性评价中应用效果好。小区域土地的自然环境与社会环境相对单一,许多大区域土地适宜性评价指标并不完全适用,需要根据土地利用的主要目的选择合适的评价指标。  相似文献   

近53年石家庄地区气温稳定通过10℃的农业气候资源变化特征     

吴云龙  李丽平  王书冰  党红凯 《气象科技》2015,43(5):945-952

以17个气象站1960—2012年的观测资料,利用趋势分析, Mann Kendall检验,Morlet小波分析等方法,分析了石家庄地区气温稳定通过10 ℃的农业气候资源变化特征,结果表明：近53年气温稳定通过10 ℃的初日以14 d/10a的趋势提前,终日以1.1 d/10a的趋势后延,持续日数以2.5 d/10a的趋势增加,积温以64.5 ℃〖DK〗·d/10a的趋势增加,降水量无明显变化,日照时数以53.4 h/10a的趋势减少;各要素的时间序列除降水外均存在不同程度的突变,终日、持续日数、积温以及日照时数的突变较为显著,终日在2007年后后延显著,持续日数在1998年后显著增多,积温在2000年后显著增加,日照时数在1993年后显著减少;通过Morlet小波分析发现,各要素在近53年中存在周期性变化规律,初日和期间积温存在准2～4年的振荡周期,终日存在准2～3年的振荡周期,持续日数存在准2年的振荡周期。降水量存在准3年和准3～7年的振荡周期,日照时数存在准2～3年的振荡周期。石家庄地区气温稳定通过10 ℃的农业气候资源变化使作物的生长发育提前,生长周期变短,日照时数减少对作物生长有一定的不利影响。  相似文献   

灌溉区与雨养区作物长势差异比较分析——以美国内布拉斯加为例   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

曾红伟  吴炳方  邹文涛  闫娜娜  张淼 《遥感学报》2015,19(4):560-567

以美国内布拉斯加为例,按照耕地灌溉比例0%—30%,30%—60%,60%—100%将农业区分为雨养农业区、混合农业区与灌溉农业区,同时筛选丰水年(2008年)、平水年(2005年)、枯水年(2012年),比较相同年份雨养农业区、混合农业区与灌溉农业区的作物长势的峰值特征差异,以及相同农业区在丰水年、平水年、枯水年的长势过程线的相似性,并定量分析作物长势随灌溉百分比的变化规律与趋势。研究表明:(1)相同年份,灌溉农业区作物长势好于混合农业区,混合农业区的作物长势好于雨养农业区,耕地灌溉比例越高,作物长势越好;(2)不同年份的灌溉农业区作物长势差异最小,混合农业区次之,雨养农业区长势差异最大,即耕地灌溉比例越高,作物长势越稳定;(3)枯水年雨养农业区的作物长势过程线与降水过程线同增同减,受灌溉与降水的双重影响,灌溉农业区的作物长势过程线的峰值滞后于降水峰值;丰水年,作物水分胁迫减弱,灌溉农业区、混合农业区与雨养农业区作物长势过程线与降水过程线变化趋势基本一致;(4)作物长势增幅与灌溉百分比之间呈现显著的分段二次函数变化关系,当灌溉百分比增幅小于60%时,作物长势增长幅度逐步加快,当灌溉百分比大于60%时,作物长势增速逐步放缓,在枯水年时,长势随灌溉百分比增加而增长的幅度高于丰水年与枯水年。鉴于不同农业区作物长势差异,作物长势的定量监测需要进一步区分灌溉与雨养农业。  相似文献