中国西北地区干旱气侯学的新进展及其主要科学问题     

董安祥  白虎志  雷小斌 《干旱气象》2006,24(4):57-62

回顾了“十五”期间中国西北地区干旱气侯学的进展。就遥感监测、西北干旱形成机制、西北地区年代际的气候变化、西北干旱新的强讯号、高原干旱气候生态作物适应性和西北干旱监测预测业务服务综合系统等方面所取得重要研究进展和学术成就,作了系统的回顾;并对21世纪初干旱气侯学的主要科学问题作了展望。  相似文献   

Humid Little Ice Age in arid central Asia documented by Bosten Lake, Xinjiang, China   总被引：15，自引：0，他引：15  

J. A. Holmes 《中国科学D辑(英文版)》2006,49(12):1280-1290

Short sediment cores retrieved from Bosten Lake, the largest inland freshwater lake in China, were used to explore humidity and precipitation variations in arid central Asia during the past millennium. The chronology of the cores was established using 137Cs, 210Pb and AMS 14C dating re- sults. Multi-proxy high-resolution analysis, including pollen ratios of Artemisia and Chenopodiaceae (A/C), carbonate content and grain size, indicates that the climate during the past millennium can be divided into three stages: a dry climate between 1000―1500 AD, a humid climate during the Little Ice Age (LIA) (c. 1500―1900 AD), and a warm dry period after 1900 AD. On centennial timescales, the climate change in northwestern China during the past 1000 years is characterized by oscillations between warm-dry and cold-humid climate conditions. All the proxies changed significantly and indi- cate increased precipitation during the LIA, including increased pollen A/C ratios and pollen concen- trations, decreased carbonate content and increased grain size. The humid period during the LIA re- corded by the Bosten Lake sediments is representative of arid central Asia and is supported by nu- merous records from other sites. During the LIA, the water runoff into the Keriya River and Tarim River in the Tarim Basin increased, while the ice accumulation in the Guliya ice core increased. Additionally, the lake levels of the Aral and Caspian Sea also rose, while tree-ring analysis indicates that precipita- tion increased. We hypothesize that both the lower temperature within China and the negative anomalies of North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) during this period may have contributed to the humid climate within this area during LIA.  相似文献   

Sheetflow fluvial processes in a rapidly subsiding basin, Altiplano plateau, Bolivia   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

BRIAN A. HAMPTON  BRIAN K. HORTON† 《Sedimentology》2007,54(5):1121-1148

Although facies models of braided, meandering and anastomosing rivers have provided the cornerstones of fluvial sedimentology for several decades, the depositional processes and external controls on sheetflow fluvial systems remain poorly understood. Sheetflow fluvial systems represent a volumetrically significant part of the non‐marine sedimentary record and documented here are the lithofacies, depositional processes and possible roles of rapid subsidence and arid climate in generating a sheetflow‐dominated fluvial system in the Cenozoic hinterland of the central Andes. A 6500 m thick succession comprising the Late Eocene–Oligocene Potoco Formation is exposed continuously for >100 km along the eastern limb of the Corque syncline in the high Altiplano plateau of Bolivia. Fluvial sandstone and mudstone units were deposited over an extensive region (>10 000 km²) with remarkably few incised channels or stacked‐channel complexes. The Potoco succession provides an exceptional example of rapid production of accommodation sustained over a prolonged period of time in a non‐marine setting (>0·45 mm year⁻¹ for 14 Myr). The lower ≈4000 m of the succession coarsens upward and consists of fine‐grained to medium‐grained sandstone, mudstone and gypsum deposits with palaeocurrent indicators demonstrating eastward transport. The upper 2500 m also coarsens upward, but contains mostly fine‐grained to medium‐grained sandstone that exhibits westward palaeoflow. Three facies associations were identified from the Potoco Formation and are interpreted to represent different depositional environments in a sheetflow‐dominated system. (i) Playa lake deposits confined to the lower 750 m are composed of interbedded gypsum, gypsiferous mudstone and sandstone. (ii) Floodplain deposits occur throughout the succession and include laterally extensive (>200 m) laminated to massive mudstone and horizontally stratified and ripple cross‐stratified sandstone. Pedogenic alteration and root casts are common. (iii) Poorly confined channel and unconfined sheet sandstone deposits include laterally continuous beds (50 to >200 m) that are defined primarily by horizontally stratified and ripple cross‐stratified sandstone encased in mudstone‐rich floodplain deposits. The ubiquitous thin‐sheet geometry and spatial distribution of individual facies within channel sandstone and floodplain deposits suggest that confined to unconfined, episodic (flash) flood events were the primary mode of deposition. The laterally extensive deposition and possible distributary nature of this sheetflow‐dominated system are attributed to fluvial fan conditions in an arid to semi‐arid, possibly seasonal, environment. High rates of sediment accumulation and tectonic subsidence during early Andean orogenesis may have favoured the development and long‐term maintenance of a sheetflow system rather than a braided, meandering or anastomosing fluvial style. It is suggested here that rapidly produced accommodation space and a relatively arid, seasonal climate are critical conditions promoting the generation of sheetflow‐dominated fluvial systems.  相似文献   

干旱区水资源可持续有效利用探讨─—以新疆为例     

傅小锋  卢伟 《干旱区地理》1998,(2)

水资源是干旱荒漠区资源组合中最稀缺的资源。水资源是绿洲形成、发展的物质基础,水资源利用与经济发展之间存在互动关系。本文在阐述水资源与绿洲经济发展关系的基础上,分析了新疆水资源利用现状及存在的问题,最后提出水资源持续有效利用对策。  相似文献   

电测深及水文测井在塔里木盆地寻找地下淡水体的研究   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

张建荣 《水文地质工程地质》1998,25(6):54-58

本文通过对多年来积累的水文物探资料的初步分析研究,发现含水层的电性特征与地下水矿化度之间存在着幂函数的变化规律,其相关关系式为Ｍｓ＝３３．９３５３ρｓ＾－１．１４１６和ＭＪ＝３３．５８９２ρｓ＾－１．０４９６,这在近年来寻找地下淡水体方面发挥了重要作用,并取得了良好的社会效益和经济效益。  相似文献   

Evaluation ofCitrullus colocynthis, a desert plant native in Israel, as a potential source of edible oil     

Dan Schafferman  Alex Beharav  Ella Shabelsky  Zohara Yaniv 《Journal of Arid Environments》1998,40(4):431-439

Citrulus colocynthis(wild gourd) is a desert plant of the Cucurbitaceae, naturally adapted to arid environments. It was known in biblical times as a source of seed oil and its fruits were used as an efficient laxative. Accessions were collected in Israel and evaluated as a potential oil seed crop adapted to arid zones. It was found that its oil composition is similar to safflower oil, with a total of 80-85% unsaturated fatty acids. A potential yield of oil of 250-400 l ha⁻¹was calculated. The best yield was obtained during the first 4 weeks of the 10-week maturation period. Yield potential should be estimated under desert conditions in order to evaluate the plant's economic future as a crop suitable for an arid environment.  相似文献   

Water shortage and associated changes in organic nitrogen betweenPappophorum caespitosum(Gramineae) provenances     

S.O. Trione  J.B. Cavagnaro 《Journal of Arid Environments》1998,38(4):519-528

Three provenances ofPappophorum caespitosum, a forage native grass from the temperate arid region of Argentina, were studied to gain a physiological knowledge of the seasonal organic N status in response to adequate water supply and water stress conditions; and to assess the extent to which variations in the N status between these provenances arise under different water regimes. Plant part samples were analysed for free and bound organic N fractions. Water shortage resulted in a significant depression of plant growth in all provenances. Total N concentration declined along the annual cycle in both water treatments, but it was higher under water stress. The size of the free N pool was very large, suggesting that it may act like an osmoticum. Nitrogen use efficiency increases along the growing period, while the rate of N intake and the specific leaf N content decrease. Variability was found between provenances in most of the physiological and biochemical traits examined under both water regimes.  相似文献   

西北干旱区的可持续发展及信息调控   总被引：8，自引：2，他引：6  

王永兴 《干旱区地理》1998,21(2):13-20

我国西北干旱区是国家下世纪开发的重点区域。本文对西北干旱区可持续发展的问题与特点进行了分析,认为许多问题具有明显的空间分异特征;同时,论述了信息调控的必要性和ＧＩＳ和ＳＤＳＳ方法在区域可持续发展信息调控中的作用。  相似文献   

我国极端干旱区边缘阿羌砂尘堆积剖面的地质时代   总被引：11，自引：0，他引：11  

李保生  李森 《地质学报》1998,72(1):83-92

根据对昆仑山北麓阿羌地区第四纪风成砂尘沉积物的调查、地层对比和107组古地磁标本(321块样品)的测定结果认为,阿羌地层剖面记录了Brunhes时以来我国极端干旱区最完整的风成砂尘堆积序列;剖面中间冰期形成的生草层1PE和细粒风尘堆积29FGL、31FGL、33FGL、35FGL、37FGL、39FGL、42FGL在形成的地质时代上可依次与黄土高原古土壤S_0、S_1、S_2、S_3、S_4、S_5、S_6、S_7进行对比,而与1PE和细粒风尘堆积29FGL、……、42FGL互为叠覆的冰期气候形成的风成极细砂和粗粒风尘堆积则可与黄土高原黄土L_1、……、L_8进行对比。此外,在阿羌剖面砂尘堆积底部42FGL层中发现有0.7 Ma B P前的宇宙尘埃物质,这对于该地风成砂尘下限年代的确定、研究极端干旱区气候的发展历史和晚新生代地外灾变事件的对比具有重要意义。  相似文献   

阿拉善高原地下水的稳定同位素异常   总被引：19，自引：3，他引：16       下载免费PDF全文

顾慰祖 《水科学进展》1998,9(4):333-337

1987～1995年对降水、黑河水和古日乃草原地下水作了定位观测,在巴丹吉林沙漠水文探险中采集了沙漠和戈壁地下水及湖水.降水同位素组成δD～δ18O与Craig线相同,但发现了地下水的δD～δ18D关系平行于降水线且有氘盈余为负且达-22‰的异常,其成因不明.由地表、地下水环境同位素组成,分析了黑河治理规划实施后可能对地下水资源产生的工程影响,它近期不会成为古日乃草原沙漠化进程的因素,但对额济纳绿洲的影响却不容忽视.  相似文献