THE UNUSUAL STORMS OF FEBRUARY 1992 IN SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA     

Marilyn Raphael  Johannes Feddema  Amalie J. Orme  Antony R. Orme 《自然地理学》2013,34(5):442-464

During February 1992, a series of relatively warm storms passed eastward across southern California, yielding intense precipitation that triggered widespread mass movement, flooding, property damage, and loss of life. These storms were triggered by an intense low pressure system (976 mb) off northern California which deepened as its eastward progress was initially blocked by a high pressure ridge (1040 mb) across western North America. Between February 10 and 13, large areas of Ventura and Los Angeles counties experienced cumulative precipitation of 200–400 mm with intensities reaching 40–50 mm hr^-1. Mass movement, mainly as soil slips that transformed downslope into debris flows, occurred where cumulative precipitation exceeded 300 mm and when sustained intensities exceeded 25 mm hr^-1. Stream response was rapid, particularly in urban areas where impermeable surfaces and storm drains fed concrete stream channels. The canalized upper Los Angeles River and Arroyo Simi exceeded all previous discharges for over 43 and 36 years of record, respectively. Other streams, from the large Santa Clara River to modest Malibu Creek, yielded recurrence intervals for the peak discharge of between 8 and 24 years, but the rapidity of flooding everywhere was remarkable. Whereas main trunk streams, canalized or not, responded predictably, the storm series emphasized the problems of poorly controlled development of potentially unstable hillsides and floodable lowlands and indicated a need to reassess the assumptions upon which such development is permitted. [Key words: climatology, cyclonic storm, geomorphology, mass movement, flooding, California].  相似文献   

资阳市城市街道日照条件分析     

蒋梦姣  魏良秀  董更生  何欢 《四川气象》2011,(4):59-64

随着城市建设的快速发展,城市居民享受＂阳光权＂的问题越来越受到重视,这篇文章利用城市街道日出日落时间公式和计算机程序,推算了四川省资阳市区不同街道走向、不同宽高比（L/H）、从春分至秋分和秋分至春分的可照时数,并据此分析了不同街道走向、宽高比、太阳赤纬等对资阳市城市街道可照时数的影响,得出资阳市以东西走向最为有利,街道宽高比适宜增大更有利于日照;利用四川省资阳市气象局近5年的实际日照时数、云量等观测资料,经过统计分析,得出云量等天空状况对资阳市日照条件有很大影响。  相似文献   

晴空云凝结核垂直探测个例分析   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

岳治国  刘贵华  贺文彬  梁谷  田显  马振华 《气象科技》2011,39(2):231-235

利用机载DMT云凝结核计数器观测了2009年10月13日陕西关中西部晴空云凝结核（CCN）的垂直分布。分析结果显示：关中西部晴天地面CCN平均浓度在过饱和度为0.2%时大于10000个/cm3,大雾天气下地面CCN浓度明显高于晴天。CCN浓度随高度增加而递减,1500 m以下为高值区,1000 m、1550 m、4100 m、5500 m高度的CCN平均浓度在过饱和度为0.4%时分别为8827个/cm3、4439个/cm3、456个/cm3、504个/cm3。  相似文献   

高光谱大气红外探测器AIRS资料云检测及晴空通道应用技术初步研究   总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1  

朱文刚  李刚  张华  金大智  王根  钟亦鸣 《气象》2013,39(5):633-644

目前GRAPES-3DVar(全球\区域同化预报系统)使用的AIRS云检测方案只能够检测出完全晴空时的视场资料,对于受到云污染的视场,所有通道资料全部被剔除。研究表明有云视场当中的云顶以上资料对数值预报的影响更加重要,研究也更加有意义。因此,文章借鉴McNally和Watts云检测方案,结合GRAPES-3DVar系统和仪器特征,建立了一种适合于GRAPES-3DVar模式的晴空通道检测方案。该方案不但可以检测出完全晴空的视场资料,同时也可以检测出有云视场当中不受云影响的云顶以上通道资料;另外,还可以求出云顶高度,判断出高、中和低云。然后,将AIRS观测资料分别用晴空视场检测方案和晴空通道检测方案进行云检测,从结果分析看,晴空视场检测方案可以检测出的晴空资料占总资料的9.14%,而晴空通道检测方案检测出的晴空资料达到了34.86%,是传统云检测方案的3.8倍,大大增加了资料的使用度。  相似文献   

Decametric survey of discrete sources in the northern sky     

S.YA. Braude  S.L. Rashkovsky  K.M. Sidorchuk  M.A. Sidorchuk  K.P. Sokolov  N.K. Sharykin  S.M. Zakharenko 《Astrophysics and Space Science》2002,280(3):235-300

This paper presents results and describes the improved data processing algorithm of the low frequency sky survey of discrete sources carried out with the UTR-2 radio telescope. The measurements were conducted within the frequency range 10 to25 MHz. Coordinates and flux densities of the sources detected were obtained. Identification with sources from the 4C survey has been done. The resulting catalogue contains parameter estimates for 483 sources on a set of frequencies within the UTR-2 range. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.  相似文献   

CCD摄像机中的新技术     

贺敬安 《成都信息工程学院学报》2003,18(3):271-274

随着电子科学和技术的发展，近年来生产的摄像机广泛采用了CCD(Charge-Coupled Device：电荷耦合器件)等最新技术。对新技术在摄像机中的具体应用作一详尽地介绍和分析。  相似文献   

近10年晴空湍流的研究进展     

周林  黄超凡 《气象科技》2015,43(1):91-96

晴空湍流是威胁航空安全的一种极端危险性天气,因其不伴有明显的天气现象,机载雷达难以探测,故对飞行安全威胁巨大,因此对于晴空湍流的形成机制与预警预报的研究十分重要。从晴空湍流的形成机制、晴空湍流的观测手段和晴空湍流的预报方法3个方面,对近十年国内外有关研究进行归纳和综述。重点引述了惯性重力波在晴空湍流形成中的重要作用、多种新型观测手段为晴空湍流研究提供宝贵的实况资料、基于湍流指数集成算法的晴空湍流数值预报等重要进展。本文对晴空湍流未来的研究趋势进行展望。  相似文献   

Influence of canopy density on snow distribution in a temperate mountain range     

J. I. López‐Moreno  J. Latron 《水文研究》2008,22(1):117-126

We analyse spatial variability and different evolution patterns of snowpack in a mixed beech–fir stand in the central Pyrenees. Snow depth and density were surveyed weekly along six transects of contrasting forest cover during a complete accumulation and melting season; we also surveyed a sector unaffected by canopy cover. Forest density was measured using the sky view factor (SVF) obtained from digital hemispherical photographs. During periods of snow accumulation and melting, noticeable differences in snow depth and density were found between the open site and those areas covered by forest canopy. Principal component analysis provided valuable information in explaining these observations. The results indicate a high variability in snow accumulation within forest areas related to differences in canopy density. Maximum snow water equivalent (SWE) was reduced by more than 50% beneath dense canopies compared with clearings, and this difference increased during the melting period. We also found significant temporal variations: when melting began in sectors with low SVF, most of the snow had already thawed in areas with high SVF. However, specific conditions occasionally produced a different response of SWE to forest cover, with lower melting rates observed beneath dense canopies. The high values of correlation coefficients for SWE and SVF (r > 0·9) indicate the reliability of predicting the spatial distribution of SWE in forests when only a moderate number of observations are available. Digital hemispherical photographs provide an appropriate tool for this type of analysis, especially for zenith angles in the range 35–55 . Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

Factors controlling the acid‐neutralizing capacity of Japanese cedar forest watersheds in stands of various ages and topographic characteristics     

Keitaro Fukushima  Naoko Tokuchi 《水文研究》2009,23(2):259-271

Acid‐neutralizing capacity (ANC) is an important index for streamwater acidification caused by external factors (i.e. chronic acid deposition) and internal factors such as soil acidification due to nitrification. In this study, the influence of forest clear‐cutting and subsequent regrowth on internal acidification was investigated in central Japan, where stream pH (near 7·0) and ANC (above 0·1 meq L^?1) are high. pH, the concentrations of major cations (Na⁺, K⁺, Mg²⁺ and Ca²⁺), major anions (NO₃^?, Cl^? and SO₄^2?) and dissolved silica (Si), and ANC were measured in 33 watersheds of various stand ages, during 2002 to 2004. Only NO₃^? concentration decreased with stand age, whereas pH, ANC, and concentrations of the sum of base cations (BC) and Si were negatively correlated with the minimum elevation of the watershed. The correlation between the BC/Si ratio and minimum elevation suggested that factors contributing to acid neutralization changed at 1100 m above sea level. In watersheds at lower elevations (?1100 m), the relatively high contribution of soil water with longer soil contact times should result in higher ANC, and cation exchange reactions should be the dominant process for acid neutralization due to deposition of colluvial soils on the lower slope. In contrast, in higher‐elevation watersheds (≥1100 m), weathered residual soils are thin and the small contribution of deeper groundwater results in lower ANC. These results suggest that the local acid sensitivity is determined by the hydrological and geomorphologic factors generated by steep topography. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

近沙尘源区气溶胶光学特性的季节变化及其统计学描述   总被引：3，自引：2，他引：1  

刘建军  郑有飞  吴荣军 《中国沙漠》2009,29(1):174-182

利用天空辐射计测定了敦煌地区1999年1月至2001年3月期间太阳直接辐射和散射辐射,采用“SKYRAD”反演模式同时反演了敦煌地区气溶胶光学厚度、体积尺度分布和折射指数实部,分析了其季节变化及统计学特性。结果表明,光学厚度存在明显季节变化,大致从12月开始存在明显的上升,3月或4月达到最大值,5—8月光学厚度逐渐减小,9—10月又有所上升,11月达到最小值,而波长指数的变化与光学厚度的变化基本相反;敦煌地区气溶胶光学厚度和波长指数的概率分布与其季节变化具有很好的相关性,并近似满足对数正态分布和正态分布;4个季节的气溶胶波长指数与光学厚度表现出一种相似的关系,并可以简单地利用一个指数函数加以描述;气溶胶尺度分布表现出双峰型结构,一种是位于半径0.25 μm附近的积聚态,另一种是半径7.7 μm左右的粗模态,且春季积聚态与粗模态之间存在着一个假模态;折射指数实部春季明显升高,对波长的敏感性较低,且4个季节的概率分布最大值均处在1.54～1.56范围内;两种情况下对实部值的概率分布进行拟合,发现其概率分布同样可以利用高斯模型加以描述,但是两种情况下春季与其他季节明显不同。  相似文献