Ground–Space–Sky Observing System Experiment during Tropical Cyclone Mulan in August 2022     

Pak-wai CHAN  Wei HAN  Betty MAK  Xiaohao QIN  Yongzhu LIU  Ruoying YIN  Jincheng WANG 《大气科学进展》2023,40(2):194-200

Forecasting tropical cyclone track and intensity is a great challenge for the meteorological community, and safeguarding the life and property of people living near the coast is an important issue. One major reason for challenging forecasts is the lack of observations over the vast oceans. During tropical cyclone Mulan between 8 and 10 August 2022over the northern part of the South China Sea, the meteorological authority and research institutes of Chinese mainland collaborated with the meteorolo...  相似文献   

An improved topographic correction model based on Minnaert     

Mingliang Gao  Huili Gong  Wenji Zhao  Beibei Chen  Zheng Chen  Min Shi 《地理信息系统科学与遥感》2016,53(2):247-264

The uneven distribution of solar radiation due to topographic relief can significantly change the correlation between reflectance and other features such as biomass in rugged terrain regions. In this article, we use the transfer theory to improve the Minnaert approach. After comparing topographic correction methods for Landsat 8 Operational Land Imager (OLI) and EO-1 Advanced Land Imager (ALI) imagery acquired from the mountainous region in Beijing, China, we used visual inspection, statistical analysis, and correlation analysis to evaluate the algorithms and performance of the proposed Minnaert-E approach. The results indicate that corrections based on non-Lambertian methods have better performance than those based on the Lambertian assumption. The correction performances can be ranked as the Minnaert-E, followed by the Minnaert and the SCS+C corrections, and, finally, the C-HuangWei correction, which performed the worst. We found that the Minnaert-E approach can effectively weaken the influence of terrain relief on pixels and restore the true reflectance of the pixels in the relief area. Further analysis indicates that the Minnaert-E has a better effect on image processing where the slope gradient is restricted to less than 10° or between 30° and 43°.  相似文献   

Suspended solid yield from forest harvesting on upland blanket peat     

Michael Rodgers  Mark O'Connor  Mark Robinson  Markus Muller  Russell Poole  Liwen Xiao 《水文研究》2011,25(2):207-216

Forest harvesting activities, if not carefully carried out, can disturb the forest soils and can cause significant suspended solid concentration increases in receiving water. This study examined how harvesting, following forestry guidelines, influenced suspended solid concentrations and loads in the receiving water of a blanket peat salmonid catchment. The study site comprised of two forest coupes of 34‐year‐old conifers drained by a first‐order stream. The upper coupe was not felled and acted as a baseline ‘control’ catchment; the downstream coupe was completely harvested in summer 2005 and served as the ‘experimental’ catchment. Good management practices such as the proper use of brash mats and harvesting only in dry weather were implemented to minimize soil surface disturbance and streambank erosion. Stream flow and suspended solid measurements at an upstream station (US) and a downstream station (DS) in the study stream commenced over a year before felling took place. The suspended solid concentrations, yields and release patterns at US and DS were compared before and after harvesting. These showed that post‐guideline harvesting of upland blanket peat forest did not significantly increase the suspended solid concentrations in the receiving water and the aquatic zone need not be adversely affected by soil releases from sites without a buffer strip. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

特大跨度小净距隧道中间岩柱可靠度分析及其加固处理措施          下载免费PDF全文

胡金海  宋英龙  邹伟彪 《探矿工程》2012,39(3):77-81

魁岐2号隧道位于福卅I国际机场高速公路二期工程A3标段,隧道跨度达到19．9m,中间岩柱最小净距为11．7m,为国内首座双向八车道小净距隧道工程。针对魁岐2号隧道工程的特殊性,利用离散单元法对节理岩体中特大断面小净距隧道的受力情况进行了分析,根据可靠度理论,通过对魁岐2号特大断面小净距隧道中间岩柱的可靠性分析发现,对于特大断面小净距隧道,中间岩柱最薄弱的部位主要集中在岩柱上部,因此,埘于特大断面小净距隧道施工过程中宜重点对岩柱上部进行加固处理。同时,根据不同围岩级别中中间岩柱的可靠度值显示,魁岐2号特大断面小净距隧道的净距取值基本上是合理的,整体上二能满足稳定性的要求。  相似文献   

基于百度街景的SVF计算及其在城市热岛研究中的应用     

冯叶涵  陈亮  贺晓冬 《地球信息科学学报》2021,23(11):1998-2012

SVF（Sky View Factor）是描述城市辐射和城市热环境的有效指标之一,是研究城市热岛的重要几何参数,如何快速准确地计算大规模的SVF对城市形态和城市气候研究具有重要意义。已有研究发现,SVF与热岛强度具有强烈关系,但以往研究存在争论和局限性。本研究采用百度全景静态图,基于深度学习,使用Deeplabv3+模型对天空范围进行探测,提出一种SVF自动计算方法,并用该方法计算上海市中心城区的SVF分布。本研究引入局地气候分区（Local Climate Zones, LCZ）,将大规模、精确的SVF结合每个地块具体的土地利用和建筑情况进一步用于SVF与热岛强度的关系研究。实验结果表明,在不同场景下,Deeplabv3+模型都能对天空范围进行有效探测（MIOU=91.64%）;本文方法计算的SVF与鱼眼照片计算的SVF具有令人满意的一致性（R²=0.8869）;在不同区域,SVF与热岛强度的关系不同,对于LCZ5开敞中层建筑,最高相关系数为0.68,对于LCZ1紧凑高层建筑,最高相关系数为-0.79。本文SVF计算方法在上海市中心城区的成功应用,验证了在中国高密度和复杂的城市环境中使用街景图像计算大规模SVF的可行性,此外本文基于区域化研究思想进一步研究了SVF与城市热岛的关系,弥补了以往此类研究的不足。  相似文献   

A hard X-ray sky survey with the SIGMA telescope of the GRANAT observatory     

M. G. Revnivtsev  R. A. Sunyaev  M. R. Gilfanov  E. M. Churazov  A. Goldwurm  J. Paul  P. Mandrou  J. P. Roques 《Astronomy Letters》2004,30(8):527-533

The SIGMA X-ray telescope accumulated the images of more than a quarter of the sky during the in-orbit operation of the GRANAT observatory. The longest exposure time (～9 million s) was spent on the observations of the Galactic center region. We give an overview of the SIGMA X-ray observations and report the sensitivities achieved in various regions of the sky.  相似文献   

Water vapor motion signal extraction from FY-2E longwave infrared window images for cloud-free regions: The temporal difference technique   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

YANG Lu  WANG Zhenhui  CHU Yanli  ZHAO Hang  TANG Min 《大气科学进展》2014,31(6):1386-1394

The aim of this study is to calculate the low-level atmospheric motion vectors （AMVs） in clear areas with FY-2E IR2 window （11.59-12.79 μm） channel imagery,where the traditional cloud motion wind technique fails.A new tracer selection procedure,which we call the temporal difference technique,is demonstrated in this paper.This technique makes it possible to infer low-level wind by tracking features in the moisture pattern that appear as brightness temperature （TB） differences between consecutive sequences of 30-min-interval FY-2E IR2 images over cloud-free regions.The TB difference corresponding to a 10％ change in water vapor density is computed with the Moderate Resolution Atmospheric Transmission （MODTRAN4） radiative transfer model.The total contribution from each of the 10 layers is analyzed under four typical atmospheric conditions：tropical,midlatitude summer,U.S.standard,and midlatitude winter.The peak level of the water vapor weighting function for the four typical atmospheres is assigned as a specific height to the TB ＂wind＂.This technique is valid over cloudfree ocean areas.The proposed algorithm exhibits encouraging statistical results in terms of vector difference （VD）,speed bias （BIAS）,mean vector difference （MVD）,standard deviation （SD）,and root-mean-square error （RMSE）,when compared with the wind field of NCEP reanalysis data and rawinsonde observations.  相似文献   

FY-2E红外通道晴空沙尘区时间差分法导风研究   总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0  

杨璐  王振会  詹奕哲  张治国 《遥感学报》2013,17(5):1223-1234

利用大气红外辐射传输模式,结合FY-2E静止卫星红外窗区光谱响应函数,模拟计算了标准大气环境下0-5 km各高度层气溶胶消光系数增量为50%和30%两种情况下对FY-2E红外1通道亮温增量的贡献。定量分析了春季气溶胶消光系数对亮温增量的影响以及主要影响高度。结合FY-2E红外1通道灵敏度,提出了可用于红外通道晴空沙尘气溶胶微弱示踪信号移动追踪的"时间差分法"。理论模拟计算和实例分析表明,在一定条件下,"时间差分法"追踪红外通道晴空沙尘气溶胶微弱示踪信号的移动,可以获得传统云导风所无法得到的干旱半干旱沙尘爆发区的风场信息,且反演得到的风场与美国国家环境预报中心NCEP再分析资料850 hPa风场有着很好的一致性。  相似文献   

DRAINAGE REVERSALS AND TRANSVERSE RELATIONSHIPS OF RIVERS TO MORAINES IN SOUTHERN MICHIGAN     

Harold A. Winters  Richard L. Rieck 《自然地理学》2013,34(1):70-82

In southern Michigan, a multiglaciated area of thick drift, regional differences in the altitude of the buried bedrock surface control the direction of major drainage lines and facilitated some stream reversals during deglaciation. Furthermore, individual bedrock valleys, though deeply buried, may influence surface forms in a fashion that induces transverse relationships between river courses and morainal trends. Apparently one or more ancestral glacial landscapes were influenced by the bedrock surface and are also reflected in the present topography. Such palimpsest landscapes may be more widespread in glaciated terrains than have generally been recognized.  相似文献   

毛苔草、漂筏苔草沼泽地与大豆地近地层晴夜气温和相对湿度分布及对比研究   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

李莉娜  刘兆礼  闫敏华  王毅勇  洪雯 《湿地科学》2010,8(1):86-91

采用野外定位观测方法,在2008年6～9月期间选取16个晴夜,在三江平原典型毛苔草、漂筏苔草(Ass.Carex pseudocuraica-Carex lasiocarpa)沼泽地及其邻近大豆地中,在距地表0.5m、1.5m、3m和5m四个高度上进行了气温和相对湿度观测;根据实测数据,分析了沼泽地和大豆地各高度夜间气温和相对湿度的分布规律及其差异。研究结果显示,晴夜,沼泽地和大豆地近地层气温的垂直分布都为逆温分布,与之相对应,二者的相对湿度垂直分布都为湿型分布;以四个高度的16夜平均气温和相对湿度为基础数据,计算得到的沼泽地近地层气温(相对湿度)的垂直递增(减)率为0.53℃/m(1.76%/m),大豆地则为0.34℃/m(1.35%/m),沼泽地近地层气温(相对湿度)的垂直递增(减)率略大(小);对比两种下垫面晴夜各观测高度的气温和相对湿度,发现只在0.5m高度上二者有明显差异,沼泽地16夜平均的气温比大豆地低0.85℃,其相对湿度比大豆地高4.39%,这是因为沼泽地植被冠层的平均高度接近0.5m,夜间植被冠层的长波辐射最强,所以其气温相对较低,相对湿度相对偏高,而大豆地的最低气温出现在地面;沼泽地和大豆...  相似文献