Global virtual-land flow and saving through international cereal trade     

Jingqi Zhang  Naizhuo Zhao  Xingjian Liu  Ying Liu 《地理学报(英文版)》2016,26(5):619-639

With intense urbanization and sustained population growth, securing food production with limited land sources has increasingly become a pressing issue. Based on an analysis of international cereal (i.e., barley, buckwheat, maize, oats, rice, rye, sorghum, soybean, and wheat) trade and differences in yields of the cereal between export and import countries over the period of 2007 to 2011, we explore the great potential of land saving through the international cereal trade. By ‘land saving’, we refer to the reduced global total of lands required to produce a necessary amount of cereal when cereal is exported from a country with relatively large yield of the cereal to a country with relatively small yield of the cereal. Our scenario analysis suggests that international cereal trade would help mitigate the shortage of domestic arable land for many island countries (e.g., Japan) and countries in the arid Middle East and North Africa (e.g., Syria and Morocco). Furthermore, international cereal trade has the potential to generate ‘land saving’ of 50,092,284 ha of land per year, which is roughly the size of Spain. Drawing upon the definition of a similar concept — virtual water (Hoekstra and Hung 2002), we define virtual land as the area of land resources used for the production of goods. Through introducing the concept of virtual land, we believe land resources that are traditionally considered as stationary resources can flow with anthropogenic socioeconomic activities. The largest virtual-land flows (> 3,000,000 ha/year) exist between the United States (US) to China, Brazil to China, the US to Japan, the US to Mexico, and Argentina to China. However, not all virtual-land flows necessarily result in land saving. Thus, more endeavors are needed to plan the virtual-land flows for a larger land saving at the global scale.  相似文献   

国内产业转移背景下重庆对外贸易的地理格局     

高鑫  梁振民  魏冶 《世界地理研究》2013,(4):82-90

在全球第四次产业转移的背景下,重庆迅速调整产业结构并取得突破,对外贸易的地理格局发生较大变化。本文搜集整理2008～2012年海关统计数据,采用地理信息系统软件（Ar-cGIS9.3）对重庆市对外贸易伙伴的空间分布格局、商品构成状况进行研究。研究表明：①2008年以来重庆进出口商品总量增长迅速,出口集中度逐年提高,而进口集中度逐年降低;②进口贸易伙伴集中分布于亚洲、欧洲和北美洲。贸易伙伴的分布重心向东南亚倾斜。进口商品集中于电子信息产品及机械设备;③出口贸易伙伴分布更加集中于北美洲与欧洲。出口商品以计算机与通信产品、机械设备为主。其中,计算机类电子信息产品已经超过传统汽车、摩托车等产品而位居首位。最后对重庆市对外贸易发展的趋势进行了展望。  相似文献   

JUVENILE GUN CRIME AND SOCIAL STRESS: BALTIMORE, 1980–1990     

《Urban geography》2013,34(1):45-63

Violence, particularly among minority youths, is a perennial social problem widely regarded as synonymous with the inner city. This analysis examines 2, 639 juvenile gun crimes reported to the police in an 11-year period, 1980-1990, in Baltimore, Maryland. Attention focuses on patterns of selected categories of gun crimes and their relationship to a generalized areal measure of social stress. Salient findings were temporal persistence of pattern; close spatial relationship between gun crimes and (predominantly African-American) census tracts at or above the 8th decile in terms of a social stress index; the territorial nature of gun crimes; and a “frontier” effect with respect to gun crimes with black offenders and white victims. Applications of this analysis to violence prevention are discussed.  相似文献   

Policy and practice in the live reef fish for food trade: A case study from Palawan,Philippines     

Michael Fabinyi  Dante Dalabajan 《Marine Policy》2011

The live reef fish for food trade is a highly significant fishery that provides income for many coastal communities in the Asia-Pacific region but faces challenges relating to sustainability. This paper draws attention to the large gaps that exist between policy and practice in the live reef fish for food trade in Palawan, Philippines. While many policies have been introduced over many years, effective implementation remains a challenge. We show how the implementation of successive sets of policies has been hindered by three broadly inter-related features of the local social landscape: the capacity of government institutions and legal frameworks to implement regulations, the distinctive culture of fisheries governance in the Philippines, and the perspectives and practices of local fishers themselves. By focusing on the gaps between policy and practice, we highlight the ongoing need to examine more explicitly the ways in which local contexts shape the effectiveness of implementation, enforcement and policy more generally.  相似文献   

浙江省进出口产品隐含碳的计算及其影响因素     

黄敏  沈月琴  黄水灵 《地理研究》2011,26(9)

近年来,CO2等温室气体的过多排放日益为世界各国所重视。文章对浙江省近年外贸中的CO2含量进行分析研究。内涵碳的净出口量与其占全省碳排放的比值都呈现增加的势头;两个时期的进（出）口的规模变动效果全是正向;两个时期的进（出）口结构变动效果有明显差异,2005—2008年期间,出口的结构变动效果为7 201.89×104 t,进口的结构变动效果综合后为-3 124.27×104 t;在此阶段,中间投入变动效果有明显的改善,2002—2005年进（出）口的中间投入变动效果是40.34×104 t（32.21×104 t）,2005—2008年阶段是-3 428.33×104 t（-4 942.21×104 t）;单位GDP碳排放量变动效果也有明显改善,并且两个时期单位GDP碳排放量变动效果主要是由单位GDP能耗变动效果所决定;两个时期进（出）口单位能耗的碳排放量变动效果均非常小。  相似文献   

亚洲新兴经济体服务贸易竞争力比较研究——基于亚洲“四小龙”服务贸易数据分析     

杨晓霞  陈瑛 《世界地理研究》2011,(4):113-120

本文采用服务贸易国际竞争力常用评价指标体系,对亚洲新兴经济体一亚洲“四小龙”的服务贸易国际竞争力进行了比较分析。研究表明：中国香港的服务贸易国际竞争力最强,优势部门为运输和金融;新加坡服务贸易发展最为迅速;中国台湾和韩国服务贸易处于较低水平,但韩国的政府服务遥遥领先,建筑业已处于世界先进水平。在此基础上,提出应加强亚洲“四小龙”的服务贸易合作,形成优势互补,提高国际竞争力。  相似文献   

山东半岛建设中韩自由贸易先行区的思考     

李世泰  高贤科 《世界地理研究》2011,20(2):84-89

在分析了中日韩自由贸易区发展及先行区内涵的基础上,论述了山东半岛建设中韩自由贸易区先行区的优势条件。最后,从以山东半岛的青岛前湾保税港区和烟台保税港区为突破口,争取开展自由贸易港区试点;以成立一家高度开放的地区性银行——东北亚银行为突破口,争取成为区域金融合作的先行区和试点区;以修建渤海海峡跨海通道路和中韩铁路轮渡为突破口,以交通一体化推动中韩区域一体化;以区域部分重点产业合作为突破口,对实现产业一体化的路径进行试验和探索等4个方面提出了构建先行试验区的路径。  相似文献   

全球原油贸易网络视角下的亚洲溢价与中日印韩原油潜在竞争关系     

孙健  吴康  杨宇 《世界地理研究》2022,31(6):1240-1250

随着全球原油贸易关系的复杂化和亚洲原油需求的上升,全球能源市场的“亚洲溢价”现象成为需要关注的议题。本文基于全球石油贸易网络复杂性视角,选取1993—2018年国际原油贸易数据进行样本数据考察,通过构建复杂网络模型和潜在竞争指数,对全球原油贸易网络中的亚洲溢价现象和中日印韩四国潜在竞争力进行分析。结果表明：全球原油贸易集团分化交融,中日印韩呈现出贸易集团化的趋势。从全球原油贸易网络指标来看,中日印韩四国在全球原油贸易网络地位和影响力不断提升,有力推动了全球原油消费中心向亚太地区转移。潜在竞争指数表明,中国与日本、印度、韩国的潜在原油竞争关系呈现出不同特征,中日表现出“先强后弱”的特点,而中印、中韩表现为整体持续增强的特征。  相似文献   

基于最终需求的中国出口贸易碳排放研究   总被引：10，自引：1，他引：9  

魏本勇  方修琦  王媛  张学珍  杨会民 《地理科学》2009,29(5):634-640

以2002年为例,采用投入产出模型,从最终需求的角度对中国出口贸易引起的碳排放(包括直接和间接排放)进行了评估。结果表明,2002年中国为满足对外出口需求而在国内和国外引起的碳排放约288.22~330.49 MtC,其中国内出口排放261.19 MtC,约占当年国内一次能源消费碳排放量的23.45%;大部分部门的出口碳排放主要是由国内排放所贡献,进口再出口排放对总出口排放的平均贡献率在9.38%~20.97%之间。中国单位产值出口的平均碳排放为0.093~0.106 kgC,其中0.084 kgC是在国内排放;碳密集部门多集中于重化工业、交通运输和部分轻工业。将来一方面,中国不宜增加高耗能行业的出口;另一方面,国外发达国家也应积极向中国等发展中国家转让先进生产技术,以减少全球温室气体排放,实现全球减排行动中公平与效率的双赢。  相似文献   

The price of spice: Ethnic minority livelihoods and cardamom commodity chains in upland northern Vietnam     

Claire Tugault‐Lafleur  Sarah Turner 《Singapore journal of tropical geography》2009,30(3):388-403

The northern uplands of Vietnam are witness to rapidly developing commodity markets for a range of forest and agricultural products. Since the early 1990s the cultivation of black cardamom (Amomum aromaticum) has become a source of cash income for a growing number of ethnic minority households in these uplands. Drawing on ethnographic fieldwork, and utilizing a commodity chain and livelihoods approach, this article investigates the contemporary dynamics surrounding the cultivation, harvesting and trade of dried cardamom fruit from Hmong cultivators in Lao Cai province to consumers elsewhere in Vietnam and beyond to China and the global market. We analyse the spatial and social structures of these commodity chains, drawing attention to a range of mechanisms of access. We find that these mechanisms are reliant upon specific ethnic relations as well as different forms of capital that together sustain economic advantages for particular actors. While focusing on the ethnic minority cultivators active in these commodity chains, we also call for more nuanced understandings of how the trade in forest products fits within local agricultural systems and household livelihood decision making processes in the Vietnam uplands.  相似文献