BOOK REVIEWS     

《The Professional geographer》1985,37(4):495-522

Book Reviewed in this article: Portable Utopia: Glasgow and the United States 1820–1920. Bernard Aspinwall. Studies in Russian Historical Geography. James H. Bater and R. A. French, eds. Water and Sanitation: Economic and Sociological Perspectives. Peter G. Bourne, ed. Green Politics. Fritjof Capra and Charlene Spretnak. The Southern Cone: Realities of the Authoritarian State. César N. Caviedes. Women in Third World Development. Sue Ellen Charlton. Land Management: New Directions. David Chiddick and Alan Millington, eds. Geography and Ethnic Pluralism. Colin Clarke, David Ley, Ceri Peach, eds. Geomorphological Hazards in Los Angeles. R. U. Cooke. Regional Impacts of United States-Mexico Economic Relations. Alfonso Corona and Lay James Gibson. eds. Patterns of Jobs and Geographic Mobility. Torvald Gerger. Cities and Sickness: Health Care in Urban America. Ann Lennarson Greer and Scott Greer, eds. Neighborhoods: Their Place in Urban Life. Howard W. Hallman. Development and the Rural-Urban Divide. John Harriss and Mick Moore, eds. Patterns of Undocumented Migration: Mexico and the United States. Richard C. Jones, ed. Central Place Theory. Leslie J. King. The Geography of Western Europe: A Socio-economic Survey. Paul L. Knox. Regions and Resources: Strategies for Development. David T. Krisge, Daniel A. Seiver, Oliver S. Goldsmith and Michael J. Scott. Geography of Crowding and Human Response. A Study of Ahmedabad City. K. M. Kulkarni. Haciendo Pueblo. The Development of a Guadalajaran Suburb. Kathleen Logan. The Imperial Lion: Human Dimensions of Wildlife Management in Central Africa. Stewart A. Marks. Water in the Hispanic Southwest: A Social and Legal History, 1550–1850. Michael C. Meyer. Imlil: A Moroccan Mountain Community in Change. James A. Miller. Tourism in Canada: Selected Issues and Options. Peter E. Murphy, ed. David Harvey's Geography. John L. Paterson. Raster Scanning, Processing and Plotting of Cartographic Documents. Donna J. Peuquet and A. Raymond Boyle. The USSR and the Muslim World: Issues in Domestic and Foreign Policy. Yaacov Ro'i, ed. Environmental Perception and Behavior: An Inventory and Prospect. Thomas F. Saarinen, David Seamon, and James L. Sell. Incised channels, Morphology, Dynamics, and Control. Stanley A. Schumm, Michael D. Harvey, and Chester C. Watson. The Gap Between Rich and Poor: Contending Perspectives on the Political Economy of Development. Mitchell A. Seligson, ed. Twentieth-Century Richmond. Planning, Politics and Race. Christopher Silver. Land Conservation and Development: Examples of Land-Use Planning Projects and Programs. F. R. Steiner and H. N. van Lier, eds. Biogeography: Recent Advances and Future Directions. J. A. Taylor, ed. Late Quaternary Environments of the Soviet Union. A. A. Velichko, ed. H. E. Wright, Jr. and C. W. Barnosky, eds.  相似文献   

Environmental Instability and Demographic Variability in Acrocnida brachiata (Echinodermata: Ophiuroidea) in Douarnenez Bay (Brittany: France)     

A. Bourgoin  M. Guillou  M. Glémarec 《Marine Ecology》1991,12(2):89-104

Abstract. The recruitment and growth modalities of two populations of Acrocnida brachiata (Echinodermata: Ophiuroidea) from the intertidal and from a depth of 20 m in Douarnenez Bay (Brittany) were compared. This study was conducted in order to establish whether the populations developed differently according to environmental stability. The results were compared with those found in another amphiurid, Amphiura filiformis , distributed along a similar gradient of disturbance in the subtidal zone. The purpose was to determine whether the biological parameters from different species vary in a similar manner along such a gradient and. if not, what is the role of biotic and physical factors in the control of demographic structure in intertidal and subtidal populations.  相似文献   

全面二孩政策对中国人口结构及区域人口空间格局的影响   总被引：3，自引：2，他引：1  

王开泳  丁俊  王甫园 《地理科学进展》2016,35(11):1305-1316

从“单独二孩”到“全面二孩”,近几年中国生育政策的连续调整,不仅引起了社会的强烈反响,而且也将对中国未来的人口结构和空间格局产生重要影响。本文利用人口学的队列元素法对全面放开二孩政策实施后,中国未来总人口及人口结构的变化趋势进行预测,并从地理学的角度分析了全面放开二孩对中国区域人口空间格局的影响。结果表明：①全面放开二孩可以有效延缓中国总人口的递减趋势、老龄化的趋势以及未来劳动人口不断走低的趋势;②全面放开二孩政策前后,中国的区域人口空间分布均呈现东部人口密度最高、中部次之、东北再次、西部最低的总体格局,全面放开二孩将会增加胡焕庸线东南侧的人口密度,中国人口分布东南集聚、西北相对稀疏的格局将会长期存在并进一步加剧;③根据各省全面放开二孩政策后未来15年人口变化强度,可划分为人口快速变化区、人口中速变化区、人口缓慢变化区和人口平稳区。  相似文献   

基于人口变化的东莞城镇增长与收缩特征和机制研究   总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0  

杜志威  李郇 《地理科学》2018,38(11):1837-1846

基于人口变化的视角,考察东莞城镇人口增长与收缩所出现的结构性变化,分析金融危机前后东莞城镇人口在规模数量、年龄结构、性别结构、学历结构,以及不同类型增长城镇与收缩城镇的产业经济和空间格局特征,并建立面板回归模型探讨影响城镇人口增长与收缩的因素和机制。研究表明,东莞总人口规模趋于波动增长的同时,人口结构呈现出外来人口市民化加快、男女性别失衡加剧、人口年轻化与高学历化的转变;增长类型城镇产业结构以先进制造业和现代服务业为主,而收缩类型城镇则面临传统加工制造业的转型升级问题;空间上呈现“北增长-南收缩”的格局,形成了中部增长、西北部和东南部收缩的城镇集中片区;而宏观经济波动、产业转型升级、科技创新投入、地方发展方式影响着东莞城镇人口的增长与收缩。  相似文献   

Distribution and population structure of deep‐dwelling red coral in the Northwest Mediterranean          下载免费PDF全文

Michela Angiolillo  Andrea Gori  Simonepietro Canese  Marzia Bo  Cristina Priori  Giorgio Bavestrello  Eva Salvati  Fabrizio Erra  Michael Greenacre  Giovanni Santangelo 《Marine Ecology》2016,37(2):294-310

Commercially harvested since ancient times, the highly valuable red coral Corallium rubrum (Linnaeus, 1758) is an octocoral endemic to the Mediterranean Sea and adjacent Eastern Atlantic Ocean, where it occurs on rocky bottoms over a wide bathymetric range. Current knowledge is restricted to its shallow populations (15–50 m depth), with comparably little attention given to the deeper populations (50–200 m) that are nowadays the main target of exploitation. In this study, red coral distribution and population structure were assessed in three historically exploited areas (Amalfi, Ischia Island and Elba Island) in the Tyrrhenian Sea (Western Mediterranean Sea) between 50 and 130 m depth by means of ROV during a cruise carried out in the summer of 2010. Red coral populations showed a maximum patch frequency of 0.20 ± 0.04 SD patches·m^?1 and a density ranging between 28 and 204 colonies·m^?2, with a fairly continuous bathymetric distribution. The highest red coral densities in the investigated areas were found on cliffs and boulders mainly exposed to the east, at the greatest depth, and characterized by medium percentage sediment cover. The study populations contained a high percentage (46% on average) of harvestable colonies (>7 mm basal diameter). Moreover, some colonies with fifth‐order branches were also observed, highlighting the probable older age of some components of these populations. The Ischia population showed the highest colony occupancy, density and size, suggesting a better conservation status than the populations at the other study locations. These results indicate that deep dwelling red coral populations in non‐stressed or less‐harvested areas may diverge from the inverse size‐density relationship previously observed in red coral populations with increasing depth.  相似文献   

Problems of regional population growth in Serbia     

Branislav S. Djurdjev 《GeoJournal》2000,50(2-3):133-138

The paper considers regional differences in population growth in Serbia and highlights the contrast that has emerged between Kosovo and Metohia and the other regions of the country since World War Two. Due to continuing high fertility coupled with declining mortality, growth in Kosovo and Metohia has been three times greater than in Serbia Proper and five times greater than in Voivodina, regions which have been following closely the European demographic transition. Since the population in Kosovo and Metohia is overwhelmingly Albanian these divergent demographic trends are sharpening ethnic tension as the demographic weight of the Serbs decreases in the country as a whole. At the same time the dominance of the Albanians within the province may well contribute to the independence struggle. Since the maintenance of high fertility, with a relatively slow decline - even in comparison with Albania - could be linked with externalities, it is suggested that a solution might be found in more autonomous development for the province which might bring an increase in local responsibility for sustainable development and a decrease in the currently high level of demographic investment. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.  相似文献   

中国近海5个黑鲷地理群体的遗传变异   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

赵爽  章群  乐小亮  彭博  许忠能  韦桂峰  李贵生 《海洋科学》2010,34(2):75-79

为有效保护和利用黑鲷(Acanthopagrus schlegeli)资源,本研究测定了中国近海5个群体(北方海域的营口与崂山群体,南方海域的闽清、大亚湾、东兴群体)各10尾黑鲷线粒体控制区5′端722bp序列以分析其遗传多样性和遗传结构。结果发现42个单倍型,56个多态位点;群体单倍型多样性为0.978～1.000,群体核苷酸多样性为0.0067～0.0116。中性检测和核苷酸不对称分布分析表明,中国近海黑鲷在晚更新世(165～41kaBP)曾经历过种群的快速扩张。北方群体与南方群体之间的Fst值为0.1145(P=0.00),表明存在中等程度的分化,建议将中国近海黑鲷作为两个管理单位。  相似文献   

Abundance estimates of an isolated population of common bottlenose dolphins Tursiops truncatus in Walvis Bay,Namibia, 2008–2012     

SH Elwen  RH Leeney  T Gridley 《African Journal of Marine Science》2019,41(1):61-70

The coastal population of common bottlenose dolphins Tursiops truncatus found in Namibia is regionally isolated and unique. This population faces several potential anthropogenic threats, especially in Walvis Bay, including boat-based tourism, a commercial harbour undergoing expansion, and aquaculture for oysters and mussels. Between 2008 and 2012, 238 boat-based surveys were conducted, resulting in 170 encounters with bottlenose dolphins. Overall, group sizes varied from 1 to 45 individuals (mean 10.7). Encounter rates, group sizes and total numbers of animals identified were higher in winter than in summer field seasons. The number, and survival and immigration parameters, of bottlenose dolphins using Walvis Bay was investigated using robust design and Huggins closed-population mark-recapture models. The highest numbers estimated were in the first and last years of the study, with estimates of 74–82 in 2008 and 76–77 in 2012 (numbers identified and upper 95% confidence limits). The only previously available data, from an incomplete study in the early 1990s, suggested that the population was between 100 and 150 individuals at the time. Although no linear trend in population size was obvious during the current study, the clear evidence of isolation, small population size, low annual birth rate, and potential long-term decrease in numbers since the early 1990s is concerning. Further work to collect data on demographic parameters is urgently recommended with a view to obtaining increased protection for this species.  相似文献   

Matrilineal evidence for genetic structure and Late Pleistocene demographic expansion of the Ornate goby Istigobius ornatus (Teleostei: Gobiidae) in the Persian Gulf and Oman Sea     

Reza Sadeghi  Hamid Reza Esmaeili  Fatah Zarei  Bettina Reichenbacher 《Marine Ecology》2021,42(1):e12629

The Persian Gulf and Oman Sea are characterized by an interesting paleoclimatic history and different ecological settings, and offer a unique study area to investigate the genetic structure of marine organisms including fishes. The Ornate goby Istigobius ornatus is widely distributed throughout the tropical Indo‐West Pacific including the Persian Gulf and Oman Sea. Here, we present the population structure, genetic diversity, and demographic history of four populations of I. ornatus from the latter two regions using the D‐loop marker of mitochondrial DNA. The results reveal a shallow genealogy, a star‐like haplotype network, significance of neutrality tests, and unimodal mismatch distribution. This is concordant with a recent demographic expansion of I. ornatus in the Persian Gulf and Oman Sea at about 63,000–14,000 years ago, which appears to be related to Late Pleistocene sea level fall and rise. The results of the pairwise Fst estimates imply high gene flow along the coast of the Persian Gulf, which is probably due to larval dispersion, whereas the Oman Sea population clearly differs from all Persian Gulf populations. The AMOVA result indicates that 7.74% of the variation is related to differences among ecoregions, while inter‐ and intra‐population differences explained ?3.20% and 95.47% of the variation, respectively. The haplotype network depicts two groups of haplotypes, most of them were specific to the Persian Gulf. No further evidence for geographic lineage substructuring was evident. The Mantel test result indicates that isolation by distance is not the main mechanism that promoted the genetic differentiation among the studied populations of I. ornatus. We suggest that cumulative effects of ecological and geographic barriers such as salinity, oceanographic conditions, and the presence of the Strait of Hormuz have shaped the genetic structure of I. ornatus in the Persian Gulf and Oman Sea.  相似文献   

Spatial microsimulation modeling for residential energy demand of England in an uncertain future     

Chengchao Zuo  Nicolas Malleson 《地球空间信息科学学报》2013,16(3):153-169

High quality infrastructure is crucial to economic success and the sustainability of society. Infrastructures for services, such as transport, energy, and water supply, also have long lead times, and therefore require effective long-term planning. In this paper, we report on work undertaken as part of the UK Infrastructure Transitions Research Consortium to construct long-term models of demographic change which can help to inform infrastructure planning for transport, energy, and water as well as IT and waste. A set of demographic microsimulation models (MSM), which are spatially disaggregate to the geography of UK Local Authorities, provides a high level of detail for understanding the drivers of changing patterns of demand. However, although robust forecasting models are required to support projections based on the notion of ‘predict-and-provide,’ the potential for behavioral adaptation is also an important consideration in this context. In this paper, we therefore establish a framework for linkage of a MSM of household composition, with behavior relating to the consumption of energy. We will investigate variations in household energy consumption within and between different household groups. An appropriate range of household types will be defined through the application of decision trees to consumption data from a detailed survey produced by the UK Department of Energy and Climate Change. From this, analysis conclusions will be drawn about the impact of changing demographics at both household and individual level, and about the potential effect of behavioral adjustments for different household groups.  相似文献