DuneXpress     

Eberhard Grün  Ralf Srama  Nicolas Altobelli  Kathrin Altwegg  James Carpenter  Luigi Colangeli  Karl-Heinz Glassmeier  Stefan Helfert  Hartmut Henkel  Mihaly Horanyi  Annette Jäckel  Sascha Kempf  Markus Landgraf  Neil McBride  Georg Moragas-Klostermeyer  Pasquale Palumbo  Han Scholten  Andre Srowig  Zoltan Sternovsky  Xavier Vo 《Experimental Astronomy》2009,23(3):981-999

The DuneXpress observatory will characterize interstellar and interplanetary dust in-situ, in order to provide crucial information not achievable with remote sensing astronomical methods. Galactic interstellar dust constitutes the solid phase of matter from which stars and planetary systems form. Interplanetary dust, from comets and asteroids, represents remnant material from bodies at different stages of early solar system evolution. Thus, studies of interstellar and interplanetary dust with DuneXpress in Earth orbit will provide a comparison between the composition of the interstellar medium and primitive planetary objects. Hence DuneXpress will provide insights into the physical conditions during planetary system formation. This comparison of interstellar and interplanetary dust addresses directly themes of highest priority in astrophysics and solar system science, which are described in ESA’s Cosmic Vision. The discoveries of interstellar dust in the outer and inner solar system during the last decade suggest an innovative approach to the characterization of cosmic dust. DuneXpress establishes the next logical step beyond NASA’s Stardust mission, with four major advancements in cosmic dust research: (1) analysis of the elemental and isotopic composition of individual interstellar grains passing through the solar system, (2) determination of the size distribution of interstellar dust at 1 AU from 10^− 14 to 10^− 9 g, (3) characterization of the interstellar dust flow through the planetary system, (4) establish the interrelation of interplanetary dust with comets and asteroids. Additionally, in supporting the dust science objectives, DuneXpress will characterize dust charging in the solar wind and in the Earth’s magnetotail. The science payload consists of two dust telescopes of a total of 0.1 m² sensitive area, three dust cameras totaling 0.4 m² sensitive area, and a nano-dust detector. The dust telescopes measure high-resolution mass spectra of both positive and negative ions released upon impact of dust particles. The dust cameras employ different detection methods and are optimized for (1) large area impact detection and trajectory analysis of submicron sized and larger dust grains, (2) the determination of physical properties, such as flux, mass, speed, and electrical charge. A nano-dust detector searches for nanometer-sized dust particles in interplanetary space. A plasma monitor supports the dust charge measurements, thereby, providing additional information on the dust particles. About 1,000 grains are expected to be recorded by this payload every year, with 20% of these grains providing elemental composition. During the mission submicron to micron-sized interstellar grains are expected to be recorded in statistically significant numbers. DuneXpress will open a new window to dusty universe that will provide unprecedented information on cosmic dust and on the objects from which it is derived.  相似文献   

沙尘传输路径上气溶胶浓度与干沉降通量的粒径分布特征   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

闫涵  高会旺  姚小红  石金辉  于超 《气候与环境研究》2012,17(2):205-214

利用2002年春季中国北京、青岛和日本福冈3个地区的分级气溶胶浓度资料,结合改进的Wil-liams模型,分析了沙尘传输路径上空气动力学直径≤11μm气溶胶(PM11)浓度和干沉降通量的粒径分布特征,并估算了黄海海域春季PM11的干沉降通量及不同粒径气溶胶的贡献。结果表明:3个地区PM11浓度粒径分布在非沙尘时期呈双峰分布,两个峰值分别出现在细颗粒(<2.1μm)部分和粗颗粒(2.1～11μm)部分;沙尘时期,3个地区PM11浓度粒径分布均趋于单峰分布,峰值位于粗颗粒部分,并且越靠近沙尘源地,这种趋势越明显。较强沙尘天气时期,粗颗粒部分的浓度峰值粒径从沙尘源地附近到黄海西岸、东岸呈降低趋势,但在一般沙尘天气时期,这种现象并不明显。沙尘时期和非沙尘时期,3个地区粗颗粒的干沉降通量均随粒径增加而增大,细颗粒的干沉降通量随粒径的变化不明显。虽然沙尘时期粗颗粒沉降通量较非沙尘时期有明显增加,但粗颗粒对PM11干沉降通量的贡献与非沙尘时期相比,并没有明显的变化。较强沙尘天气时期,3个地区粗颗粒的干沉降通量明显高于一般沙尘天气时期;细颗粒的干沉降通量较一般沙尘天气时期略有增加。黄海海域春季沙尘时期PM11的干沉降通量约为31.70～58.59mg.m-2.d-1,非沙尘时期约为8.33～15.94mg.m-2.d-1。粗颗粒是黄海海域春季PM11干沉降通量的主要贡献者,约占PM11干沉降通量的94.2%以上。  相似文献   

2010年春季北京地区强沙尘暴过程的微气象学特征   总被引：3，自引：1，他引：2  

李晓岚  张宏升 《气候与环境研究》2012,17(4):400-408

利用北京大学校园地区PM10质量浓度观测资料、中国科学院大气物理研究所325m气象塔气象要素梯度和湍流观测资料,分析了北京地区2010年3月20～22日两次强沙尘暴过程微气象学要素和沙尘参量的时空演变以及湍流输送特征,为理解北京地区强沙尘暴天气沙尘输送规律和微气象学特征提供参考。结果表明:3月20～22日强沙尘暴过程前后不同高度温度先升后降,气压和相对湿度则相反。强沙尘暴来临时,高层风速先迅速增大,低层风速增加略有滞后,风切变明显加强,PM10浓度最大值和风速极大值出现时间较吻合。强沙尘暴过境时,不同高度向下的湍流动量输送、向上的湍流热量输送和湍流动能明显加强。与3月21日非沙尘暴日相比,强沙尘暴过程湍流动量通量增加,有利于沙尘粒子的水平和垂直输送过程;由于冷锋过境,水平热通量增大;垂直热通量因白天温度垂直梯度减小而减小,夜间因逆温层被破坏而增加;水平湍流动能对湍流动能占主要贡献,垂直湍流动能仅占水平湍流动能的10%～25%。  相似文献   

南疆近60年来的气候变化及其对沙尘暴发生条件的影响   总被引：19，自引：4，他引：15  

刘明哲  魏文寿 《干旱区地理》2005,28(4):479-483

利用南疆1942-2001年的气象实测资料,并结合统计分析方法对缺失的资料进行插补,研究了南疆近60年来的气温、降水、大风和沙尘暴的年代际变化特征,分析了南疆气候变化趋势、沙尘暴与大风、气温、降水之间的相关关系和南疆气候变化对沙尘暴发生条件的影响。结果表明,南疆的气候变暖减弱了冷空气活动,从而使得南疆大风发生日数减少：近几十年来降水量的增加和近地表风速的降低增加了地表土壤湿度,同时也增加了地表植被覆盖度。这些变化使得近几十年米南疆沙尘暴的发生日数呈明显下降趋势。  相似文献   

A descriptor for the local dust storm occurrence probability constituted by meteorological factors     

WanYuan Li  ShiHua Lü  ZhiBao Dong  ShiGong Wang  ZhiBao Shen  YuChun Chen  Ye Yu  YinHuan Ao 《寒旱区科学》2012,4(2):0140-0153

  相似文献   

河西走廊一次特强沙尘暴的热力动力特征分析   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

王伏村  许东蓓  王宝鉴  付有智 《气象》2012,38(8):950-959

使用NCEP再分析资料、高空和地面观测资料对2010年4月24日发生在河西走廊的一次特强沙尘暴天气进行了热力和动力作用诊断分析。结果表明:沙尘暴发生前,感热通量达最大值,湍流运动增强,增加了大气的不稳定性;大风沙尘暴发展和强盛期与动量通量大值区对应,动量通量对沙尘向上输送起了重要作用;在强锋区附近,地转关系被破坏,大风沙尘暴大气主要出现在变压梯度大,即变压风大的区域,变压风是产生地面强风的主要成分;河西走廊这次沙尘暴过程有明显锋生活动,锋生过程使锋面次级环流加强;水平螺旋度负值中心值越大,近地面层风速越大,大风沙尘暴天气主要出现在水平螺旋度负值中心前方与零值线之间;在河西走廊上空,高空急流沿等熵面穿越等位势高度面下滑到2000gpm,形成偏西风低空急流,低空急流的形成和维持在大风沙尘暴过程中起到关健作用。  相似文献   

2012年3月大气环流和天气分析   总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1  

樊利强  孙谨 《气象》2012,38(6):751-757

2012年3月大气环流主要特征是:北半球极涡呈多极型分布,强度较常年同期略偏强;中高纬度环流呈4波型分布,中低纬地区南支槽略偏强,有利西南暖湿空气向我国的输送;西太平洋副热带高压强度偏弱。3月全国平均气温为3.5℃,比常年同期(3.8℃)略偏低0.3℃。全国平均降水量为31.4 mm,较常年同期(28.9 mm)偏多8.7%。月内我国出现了3次主要的冷空气过程,北方出现今年首次沙尘天气过程,南方持续低温阴雨天气。  相似文献   

Bedrock controls on the mineralogy and chemistry of PM<Subscript>10</Subscript> extracted from Australian desert sediments     

Teresa Moreno  Fulvio Amato  Xavier Querol  Andrés Alastuey  Josep Elvira  Wes Gibbons 《Environmental Geology》2009,57(2):411-420

Given the relevance of desert aerosols to environmental issues such as dust storms, climate change and human health effects, we provide a demonstration of how the bedrock geology of an arid area influences the mineralogy and geochemistry of even the finest particulate matter (i.e., the inhalable fraction <10 μm in size: PM₁₀). PM₁₀ samples extracted from desert sediments at geologically contrasting off-road sites in central and southeastern Australia (granitic, high grade metamorphic, quartzitic sandstone) were analyzed using X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES) and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). The “granitic” PM₁₀ are highly alkali feldspathic and illitic, with a wide range of accessory minerals including rutile (TiO₂), monazite [(Ce, La, Nd, Th, Y) PO₄], xenotime (YPO₄), apatite [Ca₅(PO₄)₃ (F, OH, Cl)], hematite (Fe₃O₄), zircon (ZrSiO₄) and thorite (ThSiO₄). This mineralogy is reflected in the geochemistry which shows notable enrichments in rare earth elements (REE) and most high field strength elements (both held in the accessory minerals), and higher than normal levels of low (<2.0) ionic potential elements (Na, K, Li, Cs, Rb: held in alkali feldspar and illite). The “metamorphic” resuspended PM₁₀ define a mineralogy clearly influenced by local exposures of pelitic and calc-silicate schists (sillimanite, muscovite, calcite, Ca-amphibole), a dominance of monazite over other REE-bearing phases, and a geochemistry distinguished by enrichments in alkaline earth metals (Ca, Mg, Ba, Sr) and depletion in heavy REE. The “quartzite” PM₁₀, derived from rocks already recycled by Precambrian erosion and sedimentary transport, show a sedimentologically mature mineralogy of mostly quartz and kaolinite, detrital accessory ilmenite, rutile, monazite and hematite, and the strongest geochemical depletion (especially K, Rb, Cs, Na, Ca, Mg, Ba).  相似文献   

不同动力热力条件下蒙古气旋引发沙尘天气过程的对比分析   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

赵琳娜  屠妮妮  矫梅燕 《气候与环境研究》2007,12(3):329-338

通过分析不同环流背景下蒙古气旋引发的两次沙尘天气过程发现,大尺度环流形势500 hPa上的冷空气和冷涡主体的位置不同,造成地面蒙古气旋的强度和气旋的生命周期也有所不同;强的斜压大气有利于蒙古气旋的发展,斜压大气中的温度平流和涡度平流的输送促进了气旋的快速发展,伴随着地面温、压、风等气象要素的急剧变化,产生强沙尘天气过程;大气行星边界层稳定度的理查孙数(Ri)有可能较好地描述沙尘天气过程的强度,强的沙尘天气过程中,Ri小于1并持续较长时间,有利于动力乱流发展;弱的沙尘天气过程中,只有短时出现负Ri.因此,Ri的强度以及持续时间的长短可以作为沙尘天气预报中的一个参考的预报因子.  相似文献   

强天气过程中近地面层风速的非线性动力学特征   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

全利红  胡非  王迎春 《气候与环境研究》2007,12(3):287-295

强天气过程中大气边界层不同尺度运动之间存在强烈的相互作用,这种相互作用使得近地层风速的变化表现出很强的非线性,风速的非线性特征可以用近代非线性物理中奇异性、大偏差和多重分形等特征量来刻划.作者研究了两次沙尘暴和一次冷锋时期超声风温仪观测资料的这些特征.4组资料奇异指数的概率分布基本一致,只有最强的奇异性存在差异.但最大风速的奇异性并不是最强的.风速的大偏差特征表明,不同时间长度相同的风速时间序列中出现某种极值的概率几乎不变,而大偏差谱能反映不同天气系统影响的差异,天气系统越强,越能维持涡旋运动规律不变.  相似文献