Scaling wave impact pressures on vertical walls     

Giovanni Cuomo  William Allsop  Shigeo Takahashi 《Coastal Engineering》2010

It is widely recognized that the use of Froude similarity for scaling up wave impact pressures recorded during physical model tests may lead to over-estimation of impact maxima. Based on reviewing historical work dating back to the 30s and further developments in the 60s and 80s, a general method is presented that is suitable for scaling up impact pressures and rise times measured during small scale physical model tests. The method accounts for the effect of air leakage and is applicable to most wave impact loads. The model is applied to scale wave impact pressures on vertical walls and similar structures, and consistent correction factors for the Froude scaling law are derived.  相似文献   

略论海洋测高卫星GPS厘米级定轨的实施基础          下载免费PDF全文

刘基余 《海洋测绘》2010,30(6):1-4

基于对多种飞机的机载GPS测量实践,认为我国HY-2海洋二号卫星实现厘米级精度的星载GPS定轨测量的基础是:选择适合天线,捕获多颗在视GPS卫星;注重天线安装位置,减弱多路径效应影响;选择适合GPS信号接收机,确保星载GPS测量数据优质。  相似文献   

基于主成分分析法和监测数据的阿尔泰山采金废弃矿区人工恢复措施效益分析          下载免费PDF全文

艾沙江·艾力  徐海量  苑塏烨 《干旱区地理》2019,42(2):288-294

本文以阿尔泰山两河源保护区采金废弃矿区为研究区,从地形、土壤、水分和地表植被4个方面出发,结合矿区现有条件,设置11种恢复措施,选取丰富度指数、优势度指数、多样性指数、均匀度指数、生物量、植被盖度、物种数及土石比等7个评价指标,采用主成分分析法,得出不同恢复措施的主成分得分及生态效益排名。结果表明,单一恢复措施,如推平、羊群驻扎、泥浆等基本上是从某一个方面来考虑生态恢复的,存在一定的缺陷,恢复效益排名比较靠后;多种措施相结合,不仅能改善土壤环境,也会引起植物群落多样性格局的变化,生态恢复效益很好;同一种恢复措施,施行年限越长恢复效果越好。  相似文献   

Honey, I cooled the cods: Modelling the effect of temperature on the structure of Boreal/Arctic fish ecosystems     

John G. Pope  Jannike Falk-Pedersen  Simon Jennings  Jake C. Rice  Henrik Gislason  Niels Daan   《Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography》2009,56(21-22):2097

Historically colder regions of the North Atlantic had fisheries dominated by only a few fish species; principally cod and capelin. Possible population dynamic mechanisms that lead to such dominance are investigated by considering how a charmingly simple published multispecies model of the North Sea would react if the system operated at a lower temperature. The existing model equations were modified to describe temperature effects on growth, fecundity and recruitment and the model was rerun based on typical temperatures for the North Sea and a colder system. The results suggest that total fish biomass in the colder system increases but the community is more vulnerable to a given rate of fishing mortality. In the colder system, within species density dependence is reduced but relative predation rates are higher. Consequently, intermediate-sized species are vulnerable to relatively high levels of predation throughout their life history and tend to be excluded, leading to a system dominated by small and large species. The model helps to explain how temperature may govern coexistence and competitive exclusion in fish communities and accounts for the observed dominance of small and large species in Boreal/Arctic ecosystems.  相似文献   

Agriculture development-induced surface albedo changes and climatic implications across northeastern China   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Xuezhen Zhang  Wei-Chyung Wang  Xiuqi Fang  Yu Ye  Jingyun Zheng 《中国地理科学(英文版)》2012,22(3):264-277

To improve the understandings on regional climatic effects of past human-induced land cover changes,the surface albedo changes caused by conversions from natural vegetation to cropland were estimated across northeastern China over the last 300 years,and its climatic effects were simulated by using the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model.Essential natural vegetation records compiled from historical documents and regional optimal surface albedo dataset were used.The results show that the surface albedo decreased by 0.01-0.03 due to conversions from grassland to cropland in the Northeast China Plain and it increased by 0.005-0.015 due to conversions from forests to cropland in the surrounding mountains.As a consequence,in the Northeast China Plain,the surface net radiation increased by 4-8 W/m 2,2-5 W/m 2,and 1-3 W/m 2,and the climate was therefore warmed by 0.1℃-0.2℃、0.1℃-0.2℃、 0.1℃-0.3 ℃ in the spring,autumn and winter,respectively.In the surrounding mountain area,the net radiation decreased by less than 1.5 W/m 2,and the climate was therefore cooled too slight to be detected.In summer,effects of surface albedo changes on climate were closely associated with moisture dynamics,such as evapotranspiration and cloud,instead of being merely determined by surface radiation budget.The simulated summer climatic effects have large uncertainties.These findings demonstrate that surface albedo changes resulted in warming climate effects in the non-rainy seasons in Northeast China Plain through surface radiation processes while the climatic effects in summer could hardly be concluded so far.  相似文献   

我国宇宙线空间物理学的进展          下载免费PDF全文

黄永年 《地球物理学进展》2007,22(4):1046-1051

本文介绍了宇宙线空间物理学在我国的形成和主要研究内容,包括:(1)空间探测,有火箭探测、卫星探测;地面宇宙线台站观测;宇宙线的水下测量;(2)宇宙线空间物理学研究,有宇宙线的日地传输;宇宙线强度变化与CME事件;宇宙线的源物质与加速过程;宇宙线的地球物理效应.最后提到宇宙线与人体健康,特别是流行性感冒、大的太阳质子事件与地震现象、太阳宇宙线事件与天气和气候等的统计研究.  相似文献   

Drained cavity expansions in soils of finite radial extent subjected to two boundary conditions     

Mohammad Pournaghiazar  Adrian R. Russell  Nasser Khalili 《国际地质力学数值与分析法杂志》2013,37(4):331-352

The problem of drained cavity expansion in soils of finite radial extent is investigated. Cylindrical and spherical cavities expanded from zero radius subjected to either constant stress or zero displacement at the finite boundary are considered. The generalised analytical solution procedure presented enables more advanced constitutive models to be implemented than have been possible in previous studies. Results generated for Sydney quartz sand highlight substantial differences between cavity limit pressures for the two boundary conditions and for boundaries of finite and infinite radial extent. This is of significance in accounting for boundary effects when interpreting cone penetration tests conducted in calibration chambers. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

Constitutive approach for rate‐sensitive anisotropic structured clays     

Sean D. Hinchberger  Guangfeng Qu  K. Y. Lo 《国际地质力学数值与分析法杂志》2010,34(17):1797-1830

This paper describes a constitutive approach to model the behavior of rate‐dependent anisotropic structured clay. Rate‐sensitivity is modeled using overstress viscoplasticity. Clay structure is treated as a viscous phenomenon whereby the viscosity of the undisturbed structured clay is initially very high and the viscosity degrades or decreases with plastic straining until the intrinsic or residual viscosity is reached. A microstructure tensor approach is used to make the structured viscosity anisotropic; whereas, the intrinsic viscosity is assumed to be isotropic. The behavior of the constitutive model is compared with the measured response of two clays (Gloucester and St. Vallier clay) from Eastern Canada during triaxial compression tests on specimens trimmed at different orientations to the vertical. The comparisons show that the constitutive framework is able to describe the anisotropic and rate‐sensitive response of both clays. The response of the model is also examined for the more general case of anisotropic consolidated triaxial compression and extension. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

The evolution of pore pressure fields around standard and ball penetrometers: influence of penetration rate     

Derek Elsworth 《国际地质力学数值与分析法杂志》2013,37(14):2135-2153

Rate effects are examined in the steady pore pressure distribution induced as a result of penetration of standard and ball penetrometers. The incompressible flow field, which develops around the penetrometer is used to define the approximate soil velocity field local to the penetrometer tip. This prescribes the Lagrangian framework for the migration of the fluid saturated porous medium, defining the advection of induced pore pressures relative to the pressure‐monitoring locations present on the probe face. In two separate approaches, different source functions are used to define the undrained pore fluid pressures developed either (i) on the face of the penetrometer or (ii) in the material comprising the failure zone surrounding the penetrometer tip. In the first, the sources applied at the tip face balance the volume of fluid mobilized by the piston displacement of the advancing penetrometer. Alternately, a fluid source distribution is evaluated from plasticity solutions and distributed throughout the tip process zone: for a standard penetrometer, the solution is for the expansion of a spherical cavity, and for the ball penetrometer, the solution is an elastic distribution of stresses conditioned by the limit load embedded within an infinite medium. For the standard penetrometer, the transition from drained to undrained behavior occurs over about two orders of magnitude in penetration rate for pore pressures recorded at the tip (U1) and about two‐and‐a‐half orders of magnitude for the shoulder (U2). This response is strongly influenced by the rigidity of the soil and slightly influenced by the model linking induced total stresses to pore pressures. For the ball penetrometer, the transition from drained to undrained behavior also transits two‐and‐a‐half orders of magnitude in penetration rate, although it is offset to higher dimensionless penetration rates than for standard penetration. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

Transverse baroclinic oscillations in Lake Überlingen     

Erich Bäuerle 《Aquatic Sciences - Research Across Boundaries》1994,56(2):145-160

An episode of velocity measurements in the epilimnion at a midlake station in Lake Überlingen and taken from the campaign in October 1972 discloses a uni-nodal Poincaré-type baroclinic mode response with a 4 h period. We discuss the data and interpret it in terms of a two-layered linear wave model on the rotating Earth.

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