Considerations on the global seismic sequences: the second and the third largest aftershocks   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Theodoros M. Tsapanos 《Geophysical Journal International》1992,111(3):630-636

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基于熵值法和突变级数法的泥石流易损度评价     

王雪冬  叶果  李世宇  张晓军  李小龙 《地质与资源》1992,28(5):493

泥石流易损度（危害性）评价是泥石流风险评估的重要组成部分.结合熵值法和突变理论的泥石流易损度评价方法，采用客观的熵值法判断指标间相对重要程度，利用突变级数法计算突变级数值进行评价，方法理论基础牢固且避免了确定指标权重值的弊端.以吉林省和龙市地质灾害调查与区划中的10条泥石流易损度评价实例进行验证，结果表明：数据获取、标准化和评价过程简便，易损度等级以轻度和中度为主的评价结果符合实际情况，该方法经过完善指标体系后可更加合理地应用于实际工作中.因此，基于熵值法和突变理论的泥石流易损度评价方法是可行的、可靠的.  相似文献   

河南晚石炭世含煤地层中的风暴异地煤   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3  

胡益成  苏华成 《煤田地质与勘探》1992,20(3):1-5

河南省晚石炭世含煤地层中,存在着因风暴作用强烈侵蚀滨海泥炭沼泽,而后通过风暴回流把泥炭物质和植物遗体长距离搬运到浅海环境再沉积的风暴异地煤。这种异地煤的直接顶底板是具有风暴沉积特征的浅海碳酸盐岩.煤破碎成粉砂级—泥级,煤层原生结构已完全看不到,煤层下部为含有大量海相动物化石的滞积层,中部为具有类似丘状层理的波状层,上部为水平纹层,其层序特征几乎可与煤层直接顶底板浅海碳酸盐风暴岩类比。研究这种异地煤的沉积背景和形成机制以及这种煤层所反映出的煤质特征、煤岩特征、沉积特征、层序及层序类型特征,不仅可以开拓出一种新型异地成煤类型而扩大煤地质学的研究领域,而且有助于研究古气候、古水深和煤岩层对比等问题。  相似文献   

Silica mobility and fluid movement during metamorphism of the Connemara schists, Ireland   总被引：5，自引：1，他引：5  

B. W. D. YARDLEY  S. H. BOTTRELL 《Journal of Metamorphic Geology》1992,10(3):453-464

Quartz veins are developed in a wide range of metasediment types in the upper amphibolite facies rocks of Connemara, and attest to considerable migration of silica. Contrary to common assumptions, there is clear evidence that these veins do not primarily result from movement of fluid to regions of lower P–T down the regional geothermal gradient. Under amphibolite facies conditions, a dilute chloride fluid moving down temperature has the potential to alter 60g of plagioclase to muscovite for each gram of vein quartz precipitated, while cooling over the temperature interval from 650 to 500° C. The absence of significant metasomatic effects in the vein walls effectively precludes a simple origin from such through-flowing, externally derived fluids. The oxygen isotopic composition of matrix quartz shows considerable differences between different rock types (quartzite, pelite and marble), with a range of δ¹⁸O_SMOW from c.+ 11.5% (quartzite) to + 18.5% (marble). In each rock type, vein quartz compositions closely match those of the matrix quartz. These results demonstrate the importance of local segregation processes in the formation of veins, and suggest that fluid convection cells were not developed during metamorphism on a scale larger than the individual sedimentary formations, if at all. Both oxygen isotope data and the absence of metasomatism indicate that veins form primarily by segregation of quartz from the host lithologies, with only a relatively minor component of through flow of externally derived fluid. Veins are clearly not the major pathways of metamorphic dewatering. It is proposed that abundant veins in the predominantly pelitic Ballynakill Formation formed during peak metamorphic D3 folding because the formation was embrittled by high fluid pressures but was capped by impermeable marble. Hence the pelitic formation fractured repeatedly and the pore fluid drained through the fractures to form veins, while irreversible loss through the rest of the succession was a much less important process. In the central mountains of Connemara, rather pure, unreactive quartzites are cut by widely spaced, laterally extensive quartz veins that are axial planar to D3 folds. These veins may mark pathways whereby metamorphic fluid made its way through the massive impermeable quartzite from lower parts of the nappe pile, but here too, oxygen isotope data indicate considerable segregation of locally derived quartz, reflecting the importance of pumping of fluid between wail rocks and fractures relative to the component of through flow.  相似文献   

Spatial averaging of hydraulic conductivity in three-dimensional heterogeneous porous media   总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4  

A. J. Desbarats 《Mathematical Geology》1992,24(3):249-267

Numerical models of groundwater flow require the assignment of hydraulic conductivities to large grid blocks discretizing the flow domain; however, conductivity data is usually available only at the much smaller scale of core samples. This paper describes a geostatistical model for hydraulic conductivity at both the core or point scale and that of grid blocks. Conductivity at the block scale is obtained empirically as a spatial power-average of point scale values. Assuming a multivariate Gaussian model for point log-conductivity, expressions are derived for the ensemble mean and variance of block conductivity. The expression for the ensemble mean of block scale conductivity is found to be similar to an expression for the ensemble effective conductivity of an infinite field derived analytically by earlier authors. Here, block conductivities obtained by power averaging are compared with effective conductivities obtained from a numerical flow model and are found to be in excellent agreement for a suitably chosen averaging exponent. This agreement deteriorates gradually as the log variance of conductivity increases beyond 2. For arbitrary flow field geometry and anisotropic conductivity covariances, the averaging exponent can be calibrated by recourse to numerical flow experiments. For cubic fields and an isotropic spatial covariance, the averaging exponent is found to be 1/3. In this particular case, it was found that flow field discretization at the block scale through local averaging of point conductivities gave similar results to those obtained directly using a point scale discretization of the flow field.  相似文献   

变动流域滞时方程     

靳长兴 《地理研究》1992,11(2):9-16

流域滞时是流域汇流计算和预报中的一个重要因素。本文尝试将流域滞时表示成流域重心长度Lca(流域重心到流域出口断面的河道长度)与汇流速度v之比的函数,从而使流域滞时随汇流速度的不同而不同,而不再是一个常数。长度Lca反映了流域尺度和几何形态对滞时的影响,而汇流速度则反映流域动力条件对滞时的作用。5个小流域的实测资料检验表明结果较为满意。  相似文献   

VENTILATION FLOW IN A BAROCLINIC VORTEX RELATED TO TROPICAL CYCLONE MOTION   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1       下载免费PDF全文

田永祥 《Acta Meteorologica Sinica》1995,(3)

The tropical cyclone motion is numerically simulated with a quasi-geostrophic baroclinic model.The flow field of a tropical cyclone is decomposed into its axisymmetric and asymmetric components.The relation between the ventilation flow vector and the motion vector of the tropical cyclone is inves-tigated.The results of numerical experiments indicate:(1) There are both large-scale beta gyres andsmall-scale gyres in the asyrnmetric flow field.(2) The interaction between small-scale gyres andlarge-scale beta gyres leads to the oscillation of translation speed and translation direction for the tropi-cal cyclone.(3) There are the large deviations between the ventilation flow vector calculated bymeans of Fiorino and Elsberry's method and the motion vector of tropical cyclone.(4) The ventila-tion flow vector computed using the improved method closely correlates with the motion vector of thetropical cyclone.  相似文献   

Deep crustal growth of quartz, kyanite and garnet into large-aperture, fluid-filled fractures, north-eastern Connecticut, USA   总被引：1，自引：1，他引：1  

J. J. AGUE 《Journal of Metamorphic Geology》1995,13(2):299-314

Abstract A petrographic and petrological analysis of exceptionally well-preserved hydrothermal veins from the Merrimack synclinorium, north-eastern Connecticut, has been carried out in order to place new field-based constraints on fracture aperture dimensions and porosity in the lower continental crust. The veins preserve substantial open space today in outcrop, and contain mineral assemblages including subhedral to euhedral crystals of quartz, kyanite and almandine-rich garnet. Textural evidence indicates unequivocally that the vein minerals grew into macroscopic (mm- to cm-scale) open space between the vein walls. The veins are interpreted to have been large-aperture fractures along which significant advective fluid infiltration and chemical reaction occurred. The porosity of the rock mass due to open space between fracture walls today is c . 0.3%, but it could have been as large as several percent when the flow system was active. Quantitative thermobarometry results from vein mineral assemblages indicate that the fractures formed at pressures and corresponding crustal depths of c. 0.8 GPa and c. 30km, and temperatures of 550–600° C. The depth of fracture formation corresponds to published estimates of the maximum burial depth of the Merrimack synclinorium during the Acadian orogeny. The formation of large-aperture fractures could increase significantly the transient permeability of the deep crust, and therefore influence metamorphic heat and mass transfer.  相似文献   

福建省西部大地热流值   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2       下载免费PDF全文

熊亮萍  胡圣标 《地质科学》1993,28(1):96-101

根据福建省西部53个钻孔的实测地温数据和300多块岩石样品的实测热导率数据,计算了29个大地热流值,说明福建西部热流的平均值为74mW/m²,相当于中新生代活动区的热流值。  相似文献   

Multi-layer Tectonic Model for Intraplate Deformation and Plastic-Flow Network in the Asian Continental Lithosphere   总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5  

Wang Shengzu Institute of Geology  State Seismological Bureau  Beijing Liu Linqun 《《地质学报》英文版》1993,67(3)

In a large area of the east—central Asian continent there is a unified seismic network system composed of two families of large—seismic belts that intersect conjugately. Such a seismic network in the middle—upper crust is actually a response to the plastic flow network in the lower lithosphere including the lower crust and lithospheric mantle. The existence of the unified plastic flow system confirms that the driving force for intraplate tectonic deformation results mainly from the compression of the India plate, while the long-range transmission of the force is carried out chiefly by means of plastic flow. The plastic flow network has a control over the intraplate tectonic deformation.  相似文献