社会—生态系统综合风险防范的凝聚力模式     

史培军  汪明  胡小兵  叶涛 《地理学报》2014,69(6):863-876

在综合风险防范“凝聚力”概念的基础上,从社会—生态系统综合风险防范的“凝聚力”基本原理、凝聚力形成中的协同效能、凝聚力实现手段、凝聚力优化对提高系统抗打击能力的作用等方面系统研究了“凝聚力”的科学内涵,并初步建立了“凝聚力”的模式,以期完善现有综合风险防范理论体系。结果表明：协同宽容、协同约束、协同放大和协同分散四个基本原理阐述了社会—生态系统综合风险凝聚力在协同运作上的四种表现,同时也是凝聚力在“凝心”和“聚力”具体问题上的4 种优化目标的阐释;凝聚力模式将四个协同原理及其优化目标转化为社会认知普及化、成本分摊合理化、组合优化智能化、费用效益最大化等一系列手段,实现了社会—生态系统综合风险防范产生的共识最高化、成本最低化、福利最大化以及风险最小化;运用复杂系统建模和仿真的方法,通过设计社会—生态系统结构和功能的表达,验证了随着系统凝聚力的提高,系统抵抗局部和全局打击的能力均得以增强,而且,可通过优化社会—生态系统中节点的结构和功能,以达到提升系统凝聚力的目的;凝聚力模式补充了灾害系统中脆弱性、恢复性、适应性等概念在阐释社会—生态系统综合风险防范问题上存在的缺陷。  相似文献   

经济地理学与空间治理   总被引：11，自引：4，他引：7  

刘卫东 《地理学报》2014,69(8):1109-1116

经济地理学是一门研究真实世界的学科,在社会实践中发挥着重要作用。满足国家和社会的需求,是这个学科发展的生命力所在。针对当前全面深化改革的新形势以及“未来地球”计划的提出,本文倡导开展面向空间治理的经济地理学研究,提高该学科服务于国家战略决策的能力。之后本文阐述了中国空间治理的政治文化基础;分析了中国空间治理的主要手段,包括规划体制、土地制度、户籍制度和财税体制。本文认为,只有客观、全面地观察中国的空间治理体系,并将其理论知识化,才能使经济地理学研究具有更大的科学价值和实践意义,也才能为国家提高空间治理能力提供科学支撑。  相似文献   

国外空间规划研究与实践的新动向及对我国的启示   总被引：7，自引：0，他引：7  

张伟  刘毅  刘洋 《地理科学进展》2005,24(3):79-90

空间规划是可持续发展必不可少的公共管理工具。20世纪90年代以来,人们认识到空间规划应该具有协调和整合空间发展的功能,而不仅仅是部门性的土地利用管理体系;应该关注地域的可持续发展,而不是一味地追求增长;应该关注不同利益人之间共识的形成,而不是简单地分析一定地域空间开发的适宜性和先后顺序。20世纪90年代以来国外空间规划实践的一些新动向： a) 重新分配空间规划的权利和职能; b)注重全纳性的参与; c) 重视空间规划的协调与整合; d)强化空间规划的环境维度; e)增强空间规划的灵活性。基于此对我国的空间规划实践得到几点启示： a)空间发展的战略框架和行动计划相结合; b)形成适合于我国的规划参与机制; c)在增强规划约束性的基础上增加灵活性; d)强化区域层次的空间规划; e)突出空间规划的公共管理职能。  相似文献   

Whitefish wars: Pangasius, politics and consumer confusion in Europe   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

David C. Little  Simon R. BushBen Belton  Nguyen Thanh PhuongJames A. Young  Francis J. Murray 《Marine Policy》2012,36(3):738-745

Rapid growth in production of the farmed Vietnamese whitefish pangasius and its trade with the European Union has provoked criticism of the fish's environmental, social and safety credentials by actors including WWF and Members of the European Parliament and associated negative media coverage. This paper reviews the range of claims communicated about pangasius (identified as a form of mass mediated risk governance), in light of scientific evidence and analysis of data from the EU's Rapid Alert System for Food and Feeds food safety notification system for imported seafood. This analysis shows pangasius to be generally safe, environmentally benign and beneficial for actors along the international value chains that characterise the trade. The case is made that increasingly politicised debates in Europe around risk and uncertainty are potentially counterproductive for EU seafood security and European aquaculture industry, and that the trade in pangasius can contribute to sustainable seafood consumption in a number of ways. Transparent evidence-based assessment and systems for communicating complex issues of risk for products such as pangasius are required in order to support continuance of fair and mutually beneficial trade.  相似文献   

Greening international shipping through private governance: A case study of the Clean Shipping Project     

Lindsey Wuisan  Judith van Leeuwen C.S.A. van Koppen 《Marine Policy》2012,36(1):165-173

This article aims to generate insights into both private governance and partnerships within the shipping industry, but also tries to improve understanding of the complex process of institutionalisation.This is achieved through a case study of the Clean Shipping Project, a public/private partnership that aims to promote sustainability in the shipping industry. A set of enabling and constraining factors are examined that shape the institutionalisation process and determine to what extent the Clean Shipping Project can establish and expand authority as an industry norm.Overall, the Clean Shipping Project cannot yet be considered a full-fledged private governance institution, because of an insufficient level of collaborative advantage mainly due to weak system robustness and unfavourable market characteristics and conditions. However, institutionalisation is an ongoing process and the future outlook for the Clean Shipping Project remains promising. The Clean Shipping Project is certainly a relevant supplement to existing regulations and there is a basic level of commitment and cohesion within the partnership, so it is not unlikely that in the future this initiative may help to uncouple growth in shipping activities from environmental harm.  相似文献   

从行政分权到跨域治理:我国地方政府治理方式变革研究   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3  

马学广  王爱民  闫小培 《地理与地理信息科学》2008,24(1):49-55

从集权到分权再到伙伴关系,从统治到治理再到跨域治理,西方发达国家地方政府治理方式呈现出螺旋式发展路径。我国的分权化改革打破了计划经济体制下地方政府被动羸弱的状态,在激发了地方政府发展经济的动力的同时,引发了"地方政府企业化"倾向,形成了分割的"行政区经济"。市场化改革在引入和整合体制外社会经济资源的同时,也导致政府与市场结合成"不受约束"的增长联盟,反而削弱了政府的权威。跨域治理理念旨在强化政府组织、市场组织和社会组织之间的资源整合,鼓励各种治理组织的参与,以共同应对跨行政区、跨部门、跨领域的公共事务。该文结合我国地方政府的实际情况,认为通过以下途径可以实现地方政府跨域治理:1)分权与赋权相结合,引进并整合体制外的社会经济资源,把决策权力向企业、社区和非营利组织转移;2)统筹协调各治理组织间的关系,促进城市政体内的权力平衡,以利益协调为基点,促使治理规则由支配性规则向共识性规则转变;3)综合运用行政化手段和市场化手段调整地方政府间关系,实现府际合作,促使地方政府由竞争型政府向合作型政府转变。  相似文献   

Playing Lotto with Rotto? Tourism,the environment and gambling with the ethos of a Western Australian island     

Rebecca Jackson 《The Australian geographer》2008,39(4):495-519

Rottnest Island is a popular holiday destination offshore from Perth, the capital city of Western Australia. Rottnest (or Rotto) attracts approximately 500 000 visitors annually. The island is managed by a statutory government authority, the Rottnest Island Authority (RIA), for the purposes of providing recreation and holiday facilities and services, and protecting its natural and cultural values. While there are advantages in management by one body, there appears to be a conflict in managing both the tourism business and the environment, largely as a result of funding issues. While further tourism development would boost the RIA's self-funded operating budget, increased pressures may compromise the island environment and the Rottnest ethos, which revolves around a relaxed and casual social ambiance. The RIA aims to develop Rottnest as a model for sustainability, but are dilemmas surrounding economic sustainability potentially risking the island's environmental and social sustainability? This paper concludes that in the pursuit of economic returns from tourism, Rottnest Island's environmental and social values face an uncertain future.  相似文献   

基于行动者网络的土地利用冲突及其治理机制研究——以广州市海珠区果林保护区为例   总被引：6，自引：1，他引：5  

王爱民  马学广  闫小培 《地理科学》2010,30(1):80-85

用行动者网络分析方法,以广州市海珠区果树保护区为例,探讨土地利用冲突的演化过程、根源、类型及其治理机制。按照冲突的强度和显隐程度,土地利用冲突的演化过程大致可以区分为潜伏、显化、转变和胶着等4个阶段,但冲突循环的存在使其进一步的演变存在较大不确定性。在土地利用冲突治理过程中,各种社会行动者通过协商和谈判而建立纵横交织的网络,形成资源共享、互惠合作的机制,从而达成共同的治理目标。  相似文献   

Fortress Australia? (In)security and private governance in a gated residential estate     

Therese Kenna 《The Australian geographer》2010,41(4):431-446

Part of a broader trend towards all-inclusive master planned developments, gated residential estates are an intensely private form of residential development with a degree of securitisation. Gated residential estates have been the topic of intense debate in urban planning and policy circles and the target of fierce criticism for potential exclusionary outcomes as fearful residents lock themselves away from the ills of wider urban society. Crime, a fear of crime and the need for security dominate discussions and understandings of gated residential developments in Australia without much empirical validation. This paper poses two key research questions: does fear of crime and need for increased security drive residents towards gated estates; and what are the lived experiences of security, gates and crime once residing within a gated estate? Based on in-depth research in Macquarie Links (one of Sydney's largest gated estates) this paper offers insights into the lived dimensions of gated estates. The paper explores the attractions and realities of security services and infrastructure, private control over the residential environment and the importance placed by the residents on the ability to protect the nature of their neighbourhood and to protect themselves from any ‘unwanted’ activities or groups. The discussion in this paper demonstrates that for the residents in the study, residing in a secure residential neighbourhood is less about the role and place of physical security and security services, and more to do with protection afforded by the private governance structure of the neighbourhood.  相似文献   

肃南观山河源区泥石流特征及其治理          下载免费PDF全文

姚兴荣  丁宏伟  赵玉苹  毛岳  曹晓辉  赵荣昌 《甘肃地质》2012,(3):56-60

以野外实际调查资料为依据,在浅述区域地质环境概况的基础上,深入分析了泥石流形成条件,认为陡峭的山体、密集发育的沟谷以及较大的沟谷比降、丰富的松散固体物质储备,对短时间内汇集大量的水石极为有利,同时也为泥石流的发育和形成提供了强大的势能和物质来源,而下游海子湖相对宽阔的扇形地又为泥石流提供了充足的堆积场所,＂7.29＂短历时、高强度、集中式的强降水是泥石流形成的激发因素;泥石流类型为典型的强降雨坡面侵蚀型中频稀性沟谷型发展期泥石流,其形成区、流通区及堆积区的界线较明显;提出了＂拦＋固＋清淤＋护＋排导＂泥石流综合治理方案。  相似文献