Effects of orientation on the diffusive properties of fluid-filled grain boundaries during pressure solution     

R. van Noort  C. J. Spiers  C. J. Peach 《Physics and Chemistry of Minerals》2007,34(2):95-112

An unresolved issue in the study of pressure solution in rock materials is the dependence of grain boundary structure and diffusive properties on the mutual orientation of neighbouring grain lattices. We report electrical measurements yielding the diffusivity of differently oriented halite–glass and halite–halite contacts loaded in the presence of brine. The halite–glass contact experiments show pressure solution of the halite and an effect of halite lattice orientation on grain boundary transport. Post-mortem observations show an orientation-dependent grain boundary texture controlled by the periodic bond chains in the halite structure. It is inferred that this texture determines the internal grain boundary structure and properties during pressure solution. In the halite–halite experiments neck-growth occurred, its rate depending on twist-misorientation. The results imply that deformation by pressure solution may lead to lattice-preferred orientation development, and that polymineralic rocks may deform faster at lower stresses than monomineralic rocks.  相似文献   

Crystallisation of sodium sulfate: supersaturation and metastable phases   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Selma Genkinger  Andrew Putnis 《Environmental Geology》2007,52(2):329-337

Crystallisation of sodium sulfate solutions by evaporation under controlled climatic conditions has revealed the existence of crystalline hydrated sodium sulfate salts not previously reported. The sodium sulfate phase crystallising and the concentration of the solution at the point of crystallisation depends on the climatic conditions (temperature and evaporation rate). During the rehydration of the anhydrous sodium sulfate phase, thenardite, another previously unreported phase was formed prior to the nucleation of the stable phase, mirabilite Na₂SO₄ · 10H₂O. The addition of organic inhibitors changes both the crystallisation and the rehydration behavior in this system.  相似文献   

试论苏北旅游成长三角的构建   总被引：1，自引：1，他引：1  

司绪华  马晓冬  范淑青 《地理与地理信息科学》2007,23(5):109-112

苏北旅游业发展落后于苏南和苏中,在江苏省属于第三梯队。连云港、徐州和淮安具有地域邻近、交通便利、旅游资源互补、客源市场趋同等优势,运用"成长三角"结构模式,打造苏北旅游成长三角合作区,以政府层面的合作为主导,以旅游企业的合作为主体,采用3 X的扩容机制,通过互补资源的整合、统一形象的定位、客源市场的共同开拓,打造江苏省旅游业发展的新隆起区(第三极)。  相似文献   

25年来秦俑馆旅游生命周期与结构变化研究   总被引：11，自引：0，他引：11  

孙根年  薛刚 《干旱区地理》2007,30(2):283-288

将旅游地的成长看成是有生命的自组织过程,以1980-2005年统计数据,着眼陕西秦始皇兵马俑博物馆入境旅游、国内旅游、客源结构、人均消费及旅游收入的变化过程分析,从新角度探讨了旅游地的成长与结构变化的关系,丰富了对旅游地生命周期的认识。结果发现,秦俑馆入境旅游呈“扇贝型”增长,国内旅游为“主循环-再循环型”周期波动,入境游客在总游客中所占比例逐渐提高,人均旅游消费额不断提升,致使旅游经济收入摆脱了客流量生命周期的影响而得益延长,为我国国际名牌旅游产品从外延性客流量增长走向内涵型旅游收入增长提供了某些借鉴。  相似文献   

甘蒙柽柳幼苗生长动态及其对沙漠腹地生境条件的适应策略     

魏疆  张希明  马文东  单立山  闫海龙 《干旱区地理》2007,30(5):666-673

沙漠腹地水是限制植物生长发育的主要因子。而植物改变其根系的生长速度,利用深层土壤水是抗旱的重要机制。试验中采用一次性灌溉的方法探讨防护林主要物种之一甘蒙柽柳(Tamarix austrom ongolica)幼苗在土壤水分逐渐旱化条件下的生长发育状况。分别在五月,七月,九月和十月采用水冲法和壕沟法将幼苗根系全部冲出,并测量各项生长指标。结果显示在逐渐旱化的生境中,柽柳幼苗生长在时间和空间上表现出不同的适应特征。柽柳幼苗垂直根和水平根的最大生长速率出现时间均早于地上株高和冠幅的最大生长速率所出现的时间。垂直根的生长速率分别为:1.178,0.150,0.089和0.133 cm/d;株高的生长速率分别为:0.127,0.107,0.070和0.053 cm/d。说明柽柳幼苗根系在空间上具有生长速度的优势。整个生长季中幼苗地上、地下生物指标的生长速率在垂直方向呈现"逐渐递减"趋势,水平方向则呈现出此消彼长相互交替的生长趋势,同时柽柳幼苗根冠比在不同时期分别为:0.602,0.589,0.636和0.634 cm/d。这些特性是柽柳幼苗适应逐渐旱化生境生长策略选择的综合表现。  相似文献   

Fluid flow during exhumation of deeply subducted continental crust: zircon U-Pb age and O-isotope studies of a quartz vein within ultrahigh-pressure eclogite   总被引：15，自引：0，他引：15  

Y.-F. ZHENG  T.-S. GAO  Y.-B. WU  B. GONG  X. M. LIU 《Journal of Metamorphic Geology》2007,25(2):267-283

Quartz veins in high‐pressure to ultrahigh‐pressure metamorphic rocks witness channelized fluid flow that transports both mass and heat during collisional orogenesis. This flow can occur in the direction of changing temperature/pressure during subduction or exhumation. SHRIMP U‐Pb dating of zircon from a kyanite‐quartz vein within ultrahigh‐pressure eclogite in the Dabie continental collision orogen yields two age groups at 212 ± 7 and 181 ± 13 Ma, which are similar to two groups of LA‐ICPMS age at 210 ± 4 and 180 ± 5 Ma for the same sample. These ages are significantly younger than zircon U‐Pb ages of 224 ± 2 Ma from the host eclogite. Thus the two age groups from the vein date two episodes of fluid flow involving zircon growth: the first due to decompression dehydration during exhumation, and the second due to heating dehydration in response to a cryptic thermal event after continental collision. Laser fluorination O‐isotope analyses gave similar δ¹⁸O values for minerals from both vein and eclogite, indicating that the vein‐forming fluid was internally derived. Synchronous cooling between the vein and eclogite is suggested by almost the same quartz–mineral fractionation values, with regularly decreasing temperatures that are in concordance with rates of O diffusion in the minerals. While the quartz veining was caused by decompression dehydration at 700–650 °C in a transition from ultrahigh‐pressure to high‐pressure eclogite‐facies retrogression, the postcollisional fluid flow was retriggered by heating dehydration at ～500 °C without corresponding metamorphism. In either case, the kyanite–quartz vein formed later than the peak ultrahigh‐pressure metamorphic event at the Middle Triassic, pointing to focused fluid flow during exhumation rather than subduction. The growth of metamorphic zircon in the eclogite appears to have depended on fluid availability, so that their occurrence is a type of geohygrometer besides geochronological applicability to dating of metamorphic events in orogenic cycles.  相似文献   

When epitaxy controls garnet growth     

R. SPIESS  C. GROPPO  R. COMPAGNONI 《Journal of Metamorphic Geology》2007,25(4):439-450

Within a mica schist from the coesite-bearing Brossasco-Isasca Unit (Western Alps), microstructural analysis shows that Alpine garnet grains are aligned with the crenulated foliation. Garnet crystallographic orientation was analysed with electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD): the obtained crystallographic dispersion patterns and distribution patterns of misorientation axes suggest a strong parallelism of {110} garnet planes with a 56°W-dipping foliation. The data are interpreted as evidence for an epitaxial growth of garnet upon (001) biotite planes, sometime during and/or after dispersion of the biotite/garnet crystals from their initially foliation-parallel orientation by rotation about the Alpine crenulation axis. This interpretation is based on the comparison of the measured EBSD data with: (i) theoretical dispersion trajectories of garnet crystallographic data, (ii) numerically modelled pole figures, and (iii) numerically modelled misorientation axis distribution patterns. Our data suggest that epitaxial growth of garnet upon biotite is allowed by distortion of the pseudohexagonal basal oxygen ring structure on (001) biotite surfaces, and that distortion is driven by introduction of missing ions. Our data further suggest that the spatial distribution of precursor phases influences the distribution patterns of garnet within mica schists.  相似文献   

Thermal evolution of the Earth: Secular changes and fluctuations of plate characteristics   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

S. Labrosse  C. Jaupart 《Earth and Planetary Science Letters》2007,260(3-4):465-481

The average secular cooling rate of the Earth can be deduced from compositional variations of mantle melts through time and from rheological conditions at the onset of sub-solidus convection at the end of the initial magma ocean phase. The constraint that this places on the characteristics of mantle convection in the past are investigated using the global heat balance equation and a simple parameterization for the heat loss of the Earth. All heat loss parameterization schemes depend on a closure equation for the maximum age of oceanic plates. We use a scheme that accounts for the present-day distribution of heat flux at Earth's surface and that does not depend on any assumption about the dynamics of convection with rigid plates, which remain poorly understood. We show that heat supply to the base of continents and transient continental thermal regimes cannot be ignored. We find that the maximum sea floor age has not changed by large amounts over the last 3 Ga. Calculations lead to a maximum temperature at an age of about 3 Ga and cannot be extrapolated further back in time. By construction, these calculations are based on the present-day tectonic regime characterized by the subduction of large oceanic plates and hence indicate that this regime did not prevail until an age of about 3 Ga. According to this interpretation, the onset of rapid continental growth occurred when the current plate regime became stable.  相似文献   

Cenozoic basin development and its indication of plateau growth in the Xunhua-Guide district   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

LIU ShaoFeng  ZHANG GuoWei  P.L.HELLER 《中国科学D辑(英文版)》2007,50(Z2):277-291

The Xunhua, Guide and Tongren Basins are linked with the Laji Mountain and the northern West Qinling thrust belts in the Xunhua-Guide district. Basin depositional stratigraphy consists of the Oligocene Xining Group, the uppermost Oligocene-Pliocene Guide Group and the Lower Pleistocene. They are divided into three basin phases by unconformities. Basin phase 1 is composed of the Xining Group, and Basin phase 2 of the Zharang, Xiadongshan, Herjia and Ganjia Conglomerate Formations in the Guide Group, and Basin phase 3 of the Gonghe Formation and the Lower Pleistocene. Three basin phases all develop lacustrine deposits at their lower parts, and alluvial-braided channel plain depositional systems at upper parts, which constitute a coarsening-upward and progradational sequence. Basin deposition, paleocurrent and provenance analyses represent that large lacustrine basin across the Laji Mountain was developed and sourced from the West Qinling thrust belt during the stage of the Xining Group (Basin phase 1), and point-dispersed alluvial fan-braided channel plain deposition systems were developed beside the thrust and uplifted Laji Mountain and sourced from it, as thrusting migrated northwards during the stage of the Guide Group (Basin phase 2). Evolution of basin-mountain system in the study area significantly indicates the growth process of the distal Tibetan Plateau. The result shows that the Tibetan Plateau expanded to the northern West-Qinling at Oligocene (29―21.4 Ma) by means of northward folded-and-thrust thickening and uplifting and frontal foreland basin filling, and across the study area to North Qilian and Liupan Mountain at the Miocene-Pliocene (20.8―2.6 Ma) by means of two-sided basement-involved-thrust thickening and uplifting and broken foreland basin filling, and the distant end of Tibetan Plateau behaved as regional erosion and intermontane basin aggradational filling during the Pliocene and early Pleistocene (2.6―1.7 Ma).  相似文献   

基于Geoda 095i区域经济增长率的空间统计分析研究   总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5  

胡青峰  张子平  何荣  牛遂旺 《测绘与空间地理信息》2007,30(2):53-55

空间统计分析的核心是认识与地理位置相关的数据间的空间依赖、空间关联或空间自相关,通过空间位置建立数据间的统计关系。本文利用空间分析的相关知识,通过对河南省各辖市2006年第一季度GDP增长速度及其相关因素的分析,发现该时期内河南省各辖市GDP增长率水平的空间分布并非表现出完全随机性,而是表现出空间相似值之间的空间聚集。基于对Moran散点图的分析和空间滞后回归模型的回归分析,得出空间统计分析对于分析区域经济发展的空间结构形态以及政策制定具有参考价值。  相似文献