Hypersaline and anoxia in the Devonian Frasnian-Famennian transition :Molecular fossil and mineralogical evidence from Guangxi ,South China     

Gong Yiming  Xu Ran  Feng Qi  Zhang Lijun  Ma Huizhen  Zeng Jianwei 《Frontiers of Earth Science》2007,1(4):458-469

Abundant normal alkanes, isoprenoid hydrocarbons, terpanes and steranes were detected in 23 samples taken from the carbonate platform to basin facies in the Devonian Frasnian-Famennian (F-F) transition of Guangxi, South China. They were mainly derived from the phytoplankton or bacteria and algae. Molecular stratigraphic parameters, abundant micron gypsums and pyrite framboids show that hypersaline and anoxia prevailed in the F-F transition, the highly stressed environments occurred near the F-F boundary. Orbital cyclostratigraphic studies indicate that the hypersaline and anoxia prevailed in the F-F transition spanned an interval at least from the Palmatolepis linguiformis conodont Zone to the Middle Palmatolepis triangularis conodont Zone and lasted about 1.2 Ma. The Devonian marine ecosystem underwent Early Devonian gradual optimization, Middle Devonian to the F-F transitional stepwise deterioration and late Famennian recovery. A positive feedback among higher surface ocean temperatures, hypersaline, water column anoxia, enhanced nutrient regeneration, phytoplankton productivity and eutrophication was probably substantial in the F-F transition in Guangxi, South China, even in other regions of the world, such as Holy Cross Mountains of Poland, Montagne Noire in southern France, Alberta in Canada. The point that should be emphasized is that the decisive and direct causes of the F-F transitional mass extinction would be the stepwise deterioration of the marine ecosystem since the Middle Devonian other than a bolide impact on the earth. The hypersaline and anoxia prevailed in the F-F transition favor the formation and preservation of hydrocarbon source rocks in South China.  相似文献   

库车坳陷古隆起与盐构造特征及控油气作用   总被引：11，自引：1，他引：11       下载免费PDF全文

汤良杰  余一欣  杨文静  彭更新  雷刚林  马玉杰 《地质学报》2007,81(2):145-150

依据钻井和地震资料,在库车坳陷识别出却勒、大北—吐北、克拉苏、依奇克里克和吐格尔明等古隆起以及盐枕、盐推覆、盐墙等盐构造。这些古隆起和盐构造主要分布于克拉苏—依奇克里克构造带和秋里塔格构造带,并都经历了复杂的形成演化过程,两者关系也非常密切。古隆起决定了盐构造的发育位置和形成过程,盐体一般在古隆起顶部发生聚集增厚,形成盐枕和盐墙构造,并在古隆起两翼盐体减薄处形成盐焊接和鱼尾构造等。古隆起和盐构造对库车地区的油气聚集分布起着重要的控制作用,古隆起的发育不仅有利于改善储层质量,其本身也是油气运移的优势指向区,巨厚膏盐层的存在也为油气聚集提供了极好的封盖作用。另外,古隆起和盐构造的叠加构造变形为油气聚集提供了丰富的构造圈闭和隐蔽圈闭,形成的断裂和不整合也构成了有效的油气输导体系。  相似文献   

西藏扎布耶盐湖卤水演化的Pitzer模型模拟   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3       下载免费PDF全文

齐文  郑绵平 《地质学报》2007,81(12):1734-1741

扎布耶盐湖是西藏高原代表性的富锂硼碳酸盐型盐湖。本文利用Pitzer模型模拟计算了西藏扎布耶盐湖冬季与夏季卤水、补给河流-泉水的低温(2℃)、常温(25℃)和高温(50℃)蒸发结晶过程,结果表明,扎布耶盐湖卤水可以由现代成分的河流-泉水蒸发浓缩形成,扎布耶盐湖的沉积组合与河泉水蒸发浓缩的矿物结晶规律吻合;而冬、夏卤水蒸发模拟结果与卤水蒸发实验结果基本吻合,但对矿物结晶顺序、矿物组合规律以及温度-季节性成分变化的影响等方面,提供了更多更详细的数据与认识。说明Pitzer模型对研究西藏富锂硼碳酸盐型盐湖的地球化学成因和盐田工艺都具有重要参考价值。  相似文献   

热液硬石膏流体包裹体的显微测温实验研究——石膏子晶的形成对盐度和均一温度测量的影响     

吴雪枚  周怀阳  彭晓彤 《高校地质学报》2007,13(4):722-729

硬石膏是海底热液多金属硫化物矿床中常见的少数几种透明矿物之一,是流体包裹体研究的主要对象。对Juan de Fuca洋脊Endeavour段的黑烟囱样品中硬石膏流体包裹体的显微观察发现包裹体内含有石膏子晶。显微测温研究也发现包裹体冷冻到-50℃后,再放置12小时,通常会发育新的石膏子晶。通过反复测定石膏子晶生成前后冰点的变化,发现石膏的生成使得冰点大幅降低,相应地提高残留流体的盐度(上升0.32%~1.6%NaCleq.)。流体包裹体中石膏生成是硬石膏水化和硬石膏溶解造成溶液过饱和沉淀石膏共同作用的结果,其中硬石膏水化起了主要作用,溶液过饱和沉淀石膏为硬石膏水化提供了有利条件。冷冻条件下和/或储藏时间越长,硬石膏水化对盐度的影响越大。加热包裹体到130℃能使石膏分解,释放出所结合的水分子,恢复包裹体的原始盐度。而石膏的生成对均一温度的测量没有影响。  相似文献   

Quantifying drainage components and salt and water balance in YinNan Irrigation District,China, based on a controlled drainage experiment   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Zhonghua Jia  Wan Luo  Shuxing Fang  Liang Wang  ShiYing Tian 《水文研究》2007,21(14):1875-1881

YinNan Irrigation District (YNID) is located in the upper reaches of the Yellow River in NingXia, China. Its irrigated area is about 80 000 ha, with one‐third of it for rice production. The major part of its drainage system was constructed between the 1950s and 1970s to maintain the salt and water balances of the district. The system, however, has been reported as draining the agricultural lands excessively by several studies. In addition to field, lateral and main drainage ditches, agricultural fields of YNID are also under the influence of the Yellow River channel and some low‐lying depressions, thus forming a dual drainage system. Owing to difficulties in irrigation inflow measurement, evaluation of the existing drainage system often appears to be elusive. Based on a dual drainage assumption and an on‐site controlled drainage experiment, we present a detailed analysis on drainage components and the salt and water balance of YNID. Results show that, by implementing controlled drainage, shallow drainage from field ditches can be reduced by 60%. Deep drainage from main ditches, the Yellow River channel and low‐lying depressions is relatively stable year around, and it neutralized the potential effect of controlled drainage on salinity increase. Drainage water salinity calculated from the dual subsurface drainage model was consistent with field observations, proving that the dual drainage assumption is valid for the study area. Based on this study, field water management practices of the irrigation district can be better targeted and fairly evaluated. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

The process of sedimentation on the surface of a salt marsh     

Richard P. Stumpf 《Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science》1983,17(5):495-508

An unditched salt marsh-creek drainage basin (Holland Glade Marsh, Lewes, Delaware) has a sedimentation rate of 0·5 cm year^?1. During normal, storm-free conditions, the creek carries negligible amounts of sand and coarse silt. Of the material in the waters flooding the marsh surface, over 80% disappears from the floodwaters within 12 m of the creek. About one-half of the lost material is theoretically too fine to settle, even if flow were not turbulent; however, sediment found on Spartina stems can account for the loss.The quantity of suspended sediment that does reach the back marsh during these normal tides is inadequate to maintain the marsh surface against local sea level rise. This suspended sediment is also much finer than the deposited sediments. Additionally, remote sections of low marsh, sections flooded by only the highest spring tides, have 15–30 cm of highly inorganic marsh muds.This evidence indicates that normal tidal flooding does not produce sedimentation in Holland Glade. Study of the effects of two severe storms, of a frequency of once per year, suggests that such storms can deposit sufficient sediment to maintain the marsh.The actual deposition of fine-grained sediments (fine silt and clay) appears to result primarily from biological trapping rather than from settling. In addition, this study proposes that the total sedimentation on mature marshes results from a balance between tidal and storm sedimentation. Storms will control sediment supply and movement on micro- and meso-tidal marshes, and will have less influence on macro-tidal marshes.  相似文献   

Acoustic reflection from estuarine pycnoclines     

J.D. Penrose  Tom Beer 《Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science》1981,12(3):237-249

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Exchange of nitrate,and the products of bacterial nitrate reduction,between seawater and sediment from a U.K. saltmarsh     

D.B. Nedwell 《Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science》1982,14(5):557-566

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区域浅层地下水埋深和水质的空间变异性特性   总被引：28，自引：0，他引：28       下载免费PDF全文

胡克林  李保国  陈德立 《水科学进展》2000,11(4):408-414

对华北冲积平原曲周县的139个观测点取样分析,测定了其浅层地下水埋深、地下水含盐量以及硝酸盐含量。应用地质统计学的方法对所取的数据进行了分析,结果表明,地下水埋深服从正态分布,地下水含盐量服从对数正态分布,硝酸盐含量既不服从正态分布也不服从对数正态分布。并且按一定的精度和置信水平确定了这三项的合理取样数目。通过半方差函数分析,发现这三者在一定范围内存在空间相关性。采用Kriging方法对未测点进行了估值,绘制了等值线图,这对于合理利用浅层地下水资源、防治土壤的次生盐渍化及地下水的硝酸盐污染有着直接的现实意义。  相似文献   

罗布泊盐湖巨量钙芒硝沉积及其成钾效应分析   总被引：9，自引：6，他引：9       下载免费PDF全文

刘成林  焦鹏程  王弭力  陈永志 《矿床地质》2007,26(3):322-329

罗布泊盐湖位于新疆塔里木盆地东部,盐湖沉积的主要盐类矿物是钙芒硝,其资源量巨大,卤水钾矿赋存于钙芒硝岩晶间孔隙中,显然,钾盐的聚集与钙芒硝沉积有着密切的联系。文章通过对罗布泊盐湖的钙芒硝沉积特征研究,探讨了钾盐矿床的形成与钙芒硝的沉积关系。研究显示钙芒硝沉积时期,古气候具有“热”的特点,有利于钙芒硝沉积;盐湖物质来源有“富硫酸根”的地表水,也可能存在富钙水的补给。结晶试验显示,罗布泊现代卤水与含氯化钙水掺合后,蒸发析出石膏和水钙芒硝;同时,早期沉积的石膏被交代成为钙芒硝,这两种方式是钙芒硝形成的主要机制。罗布泊钙芒硝的成钾效应主要表现于3个方面:钙芒硝具有菱板状结构,在沉积和成岩过程中钙芒硝岩发育大量孔隙;钙芒硝孔隙储集了富钾卤水;大量钙芒硝的析出导致卤水中钾离子相对富集。研究认为,罗布泊盐湖巨量钙芒硝的沉积控制了钾盐的形成和分布,钙芒硝岩成储钾盐的认识在实践上推进了罗布泊盐湖的找钾工作。  相似文献