山东半岛水资源及其合理利用研究   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

杨小军 《地理科学》1994,14(3):240-247

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Simulating trends in poverty and income inequality on the basis of 1991 and 2001 census data: a tale of two cities     

Dimitris Ballas 《Area》2004,36(2):146-163

How much does the 2001 census tell us about the changes in people's life in British cities and regions since 1991? This paper attempts to answer this question by telling the stories of two British northern cities: Leeds and Sheffield. In particular, the paper investigates and compares socio-economic change in these cities on the basis of actual 1991 and 2001 census data as well as estimated non-census data. A static spatial microsimulation model is used to combine the outputs of the 1991 and 2001 censuses of UK population with data from the British Household Panel Survey (BHPS) data. In particular, selected Small Area Statistics (SAS) tables from the 1991 and 2001 censuses are used as constraints in the spatial microsimulation modelling exercise, which aims to reweight BHPS household records so that they satisfy these constraints. The paper briefly discusses the change in these census variables across different localities of the two cities. It is then shown how the changes in these variables affect the simulation of non-census variables. Further, the microsimulation model is used to estimate the trends in income inequalities and child poverty between and within the two cities. Finally, the paper discusses the implication of the research findings for policy formulation.  相似文献   

Agricultural performance on marginal land in Eastern Inner Mongolia,China – Development in the pre- and post-1978 reform periods     

Sara Brogaard  Xiubin Li 《GeoJournal》2005,64(3):163-175

Rapid economic development in the aftermath of the Chinese post-1978 reforms has resulted in a shrinking of grain grown area in the southern and eastern regions of the country which in turn is believed to have put the marginal northern regions under increased pressure. This paper examines key indicators of agricultural performance as well as cultivated land area development of the pre- and post-1978 reform periods focusing on the agro-pastoral Tongliao City Prefecture, eastern Inner Mongolia. The results are related to the village level development through a case study as well as to the provincial level. Average annual grain per capita production increased from about 400 kg in the late 1970s to more then 1000 kg in the late 1990s. This was achieved through a combination of intensification and reclamation of cropland, with the latter restricted to pastoral classified counties. Production variability, in particular for the low producing counties, has also increased possibly as an effect of the substitution of traditional mixed pattern of crops with HYV monocultures. Average living standards have improved but have been accompanied by widening income gaps. Poor farmers’ livelihoods continue to be insecure, particularly during dry years. Concern is raised regarding the sustainability of the rapid agricultural development; an increased use of costly fertilisers constrains poorer farmer’s economy and may lead to deteriorating water quality while increasing irrigation depletes water resources.  相似文献   

转型期城市低收入邻里的类型、特征和产生机制:以南京市为例   总被引：5，自引：7，他引：5  

刘玉亭  吴缚龙  何深静  李志刚 《地理研究》2006,25(6):1073-1082

本文以南京市为例,检查转型期城市贫困人口的空间分布特征,并着重分析贫困人口集中的低收入邻里的类型、特征及其产生机制。研究表明,转型期我国城市贫困人口的空间分布表现为在邻里或社区层面上的集中。城市贫困人口在邻里层次上的集聚,导致三种类型低收入邻里的产生,包括老城衰退邻里、退化的工人新村和农民工集聚区(城中村)。分析表明,这些低收入邻里的产生源于国家导向的城市发展政策和国家福利住房供应制度,并在住房市场化和房地产导向的城市发展过程中得以强化。基于南京市的实证分析和实地调查,城市贫困人口的空间分布状况和低收入邻里的特征被检查,低收入邻里的产生机制得以验证。  相似文献   

退耕还林政策实施的农户水土保持行为响应研究--以江西省丰城市梅林镇为例     

翟文侠  黄贤金 《云南地理环境研究》2006,18(2):33-39

农户水土保持行为与生态环境变化关系密切，分析农户水土保持行为响应机理对退耕还林政策的实施具有重要意义。通过对江西省丰城市梅林镇多元回归模型分析，结果表明：（1）农户水土保持行为与退耕还林实施力度、退耕地收入与退耕还林后补偿比重成正相关，与退耕补偿年限成负相关；（2）农户水土保持投入减少反映农户家庭收入结构发生变化：从农业为主的收入阶段向以非农业或农业与非农业收入为主的阶段转变；（3）退耕还林政策实施农户水土保持行为响应以效益引导型为主。据此，提出相关建议。  相似文献   

Assessing income-wise household environmental conditions and disease profile in urban areas: Study of an Indian city     

Atiqur Rahman 《GeoJournal》2006,65(3):211-227

The main objectives of the present study are: (i) to assess the income-wise household environmental conditions of the sampled households in Aligarh city, (ii) to examine income-wise disease profile of the population, (iii) to assess the relationship between income and four most occurring diseases, (iv) draw out inter-relationship between income, non-ideal household environmental conditions and environment related diseases. The quality of life and diseases in any urban areas get reflected by the immediate neighborhood in different parts of the city which depends upon the income strata of the households, their way of living, and their understanding of their household environment. This is because it is the household environment, which exerts the most and immediate influence on the life of the people. This study was carried out in order to assess household environmental conditions (i.e. housing conditions, bathroom and sanitation conditions, water supply conditions, water logging conditions, household garbage and solid waste, household pests, indoor air and indoor noise pollution) and their effect on the health of the resident population of Aligarh city. The method includes household survey of Aligarh city using questionnaires. The sampled households were classified into five income groups from very low to very high. Relationship was tested between income and household environmental conditions and also between income and diseases using Chi-Square technique. About 55% of the total sampled households suffer from diarrhea/dysentery, 43% jaundice, 42% malaria and 41% respiratory diseases. About 40% suffer from skin diseases, small pox/chicken pox. All these diseases are a result of poor household environmental conditions. Whereas 35% people reported other diseases (i.e. heart disease, hypertension and diabetes), only 14.42% households reported of tuberculosis. The study concludes that there exists a significant positive relationship between income level and household environmental conditions, and also between income and various diseases among sampled households of Aligarh city.  相似文献   

Analysis of a kinematic self‐centring seismic isolator     

Julio Pinochet  Juan C. de la Llera  C. Lüders 《地震工程与结构动力学》2006,35(12):1533-1561

This investigation deals with the analytical formulation and experimental validation of a prestressed reinforced concrete seismic isolator with kinematic constraints at both ends. The kinematic isolator was proposed initially as a low‐cost solution for seismic protection of low‐income people housing usually placed at the periphery of big cities where regular to bad soil conditions are common. So, the isolator is also a pile foundation with a central prestressed cable and two rolling steel surfaces at the top and bottom ends. By varying the shapes of the end rolling surfaces, different force–deformation constitutive relationships for the isolator may be obtained. Energy dissipation is introduced by yielding of passive reinforcement at the rolling interphase. Apart from stating the large‐deformation formulation of the element, several relevant aspects of the behaviour of these devices are studied herein, such as the increase in the tension of the central prestressed cable, responsible for the self‐centring action of the isolator, the floor uplift that results from the geometry of the isolator, and the vertical stability of the system. Experimental and theoretical results obtained for a group of 9 testing specimens show an excellent agreement in the force–deformation constitutive relationship. Although not the intent of this article, the device proposed may be extended directly as a coupling beam element for shear wall systems. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

Social change, social polarisation and income inequality in London, 1979–1993     

C. Hamnett  D. Cross 《GeoJournal》1998,46(1):39-50

This paper analyses General Household Survey data for London and Great Britain from 1979 to 1993 to examine the changes in household income distribution over this period. In particular it looks at the implications of this data for theoretical claims made by Pahl and Sassen regarding social polarisation. It is argued that London has not experienced greater social polarisation, in the sense that the size of both the top and bottom income groups have not grown at the expense of the middle. Instead, what has happened is that the higher income group has grown considerably at the expense of the middle. This has, however, been accompanied by the growth of income inequality in London. Incomes at the top end have increased much faster than at the bottom. Two earner professional/managerial households have been the biggest gainers in financial terms although the proportion of households with no earner has grown most rapidly. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.  相似文献   

居民对生活质量评估与区域经济发展的定量分析   总被引：12，自引：1，他引：12  

李小建  乔家君 《地理科学进展》2002,21(5):484-490

通过对全国 1 5个省份 1 9个县 (市 )近万户调查数据的分析得出 :居民对自己生活状况的主观评价与区域经济发展水平并不呈现显著正相关关系 ;居民对自己生活状况的满意程度在城乡间、县际间存在一定差异 ,一般为城市高于农村。不同县域居民对影响其生活质量的主要因子的认识有很强的一致性。区域发展研究中 ,应当关注居民生活质量评估指标。  相似文献   

欠发达农区经济发展中的农户行为 以豫西山地丘陵区为例   总被引：43，自引：1，他引：43  

李小建 《地理学报》2002,57(4):459-468

根据对河南西部山地丘陵区10个县（市）332家农户的调查分析，欠发达农区制约区域发展的农户行为包括：（1）农户生产经营信息来源具奶大局限性；（2）农户收入严重依赖自然条件；（3）条件剩余劳动力转移存在着意识障碍，农民对非农业参与意识不强；（4）农户贷款积极性不高且贷款多为维持日常生活需要；（5）农户更加期望用新增加的收入改变家庭生活状况，而不是发展生产。进一步的量化模型分析，揭示了农户收入在山区，丘陵和平原环境下受相关变量影响程度的差异，以及自给性与商品性生产不同比例农户在区域发展中的作用。文章讨论了从农户行为角度研究发展问题，并基于对农户行为的分析，对研究区域的经济发展思路提出相关建议。  相似文献