Green hope or greenwash? The actions of the European Union at the World Summit on sustainable development     

Simon Lightfoot  Jon Burchell   《Global Environmental Change》2004,14(4):73

This article examines whether the European Union (EU) could be seen as a normative power at the recent World Summit on Sustainable Development. We explain how the EU operationalised its commitment to the concept of sustainable development before highlighting the impact the EU had on the final summit outcomes. It shows that although in many areas the EU was able to offer leadership, internal policy coherence prevented it fully being able to develop that role and thus fully promoting the norm of sustainable development.  相似文献   

Natural runoff changes in the Yellow River Basin     

LI Chunhui  YANG Zhifeng 《地理学报》2004,14(4):427-436

The driving factors of runoff changes can be divided into precipitation factor and non-precipitation factor, and they can also be divided into natural factor and human activity factor. In this paper, the ways and methods of these driving factors impacting on runoff changes are analyzed at first, and then according to the relationship between precipitation and runoff, the analytical method about impacts of precipitation and non-precipitation factors on basin's natural runoff is derived. The amount and contribution rates of the two factors impacting on natural runoff between every two adjacent decades during 1956-1998 are calculated in the Yellow River Basin (YRB). The results show that the amount and contribution rate of the two factors impacting on natural runoff are different in different periods and regions. For the YRB, the non-precipitation impact is preponderant for natural runoff reduction after the 1970s. Finally, by choosing main factors impacting on the natural runoff, one error back-propagation (BP) artificial neural network (ANN) model has been set up, and the impact of human activities on natural runoff reduction in the YRB is simulated. The result shows that the human activities could cause a 77×108 m3·a-1 reduction of runoff during 1980-1998 according to the climate background of 1956-1979.  相似文献   

Geography's Human Resources over the Past Half‐Century*     

Kavita Pandit 《The Professional geographer》2004,56(1):12-21

This article examines trends over the past five decades in three human resource issues in geography: the production of new geographers; the size and diversity of the membership of the Association of American Geographers (AAG); and the topical specializations of geographers. The number of geography degrees awarded increased rapidly in the 1950s and 1960s, followed by a modest decline as baby boomers exited their college years. The number surged again in the 1990s, however, and it seems to have stabilized in recent years. AAG membership trends followed a similar trajectory and membership is currently poised to set a new record. The participation of women in the discipline has increased steadily over the past half‐century, but geography still lags the social and physical sciences in the share of women receiving bachelor's degrees. The participation of geographers from ethnic minority groups continues to be very low. The number of AAG specialty groups has doubled since their inception in 1978, and geographic information science (GIS) now occupies a prominent position within the discipline. Challenges in the coming years include increasing the diversity in geography, reducing the turnover in AAG membership, preparing for the imminent retirement of a large cohort of baby‐boom geographers, and reconnecting with nonacademic geographers.  相似文献   

Advancing Human Geography at the Commencement du Siècle*     

Barney Warf 《The Professional geographer》2004,56(1):44-52

Human geography today exhibits unprecedented vitality and diversity. This survey first charts some major lines of research in the field in light of the ascendancy of critical theory, political economy, and poststructuralist thought, including feminism, the cultural turn, consumption, urban geography, and globalization. Next, it focuses on several “cutting‐edge” issues, such as race, postcolonialism, the social construction of nature, representations of space, and cyberspace. Finally, the article turns an eye toward the future, offering comments on the discipline's likely trajectories with regard to the blurring of traditional dualisms, methodological integration, and the lacunae of public policy and geographic education.  相似文献   

Loss on ignition: a qualitative or quantitative method for organic matter and carbonate mineral content in sediments?   总被引：5，自引：7，他引：5  

Juan I. Santisteban  Rosa Mediavilla  Enrique López-Pamo  Cristino J. Dabrio  M. Blanca Ruiz Zapata  M. José Gil García  Silvino Castaño  Pedro E. Martínez-Alfaro 《Journal of Paleolimnology》2004,32(3):287-299

Since the publication of the paper of , loss on ignition (LOI) has been widely used as a method to estimate the amount of organic matter and carbonate mineral content (and indirectly of organic and inorganic carbon) in sediments. The relationships between LOI at 550 °C (LOI₅₅₀) and organic carbon (OC) content and between LOI at 950 °C (LOI₉₅₀) and inorganic carbon (IC) content are currently accepted as a standard. However, the comparison of 150 analyses of samples of diverse lithologies, collected from a single core, reveals that these relationships are affected by sediment composition (presence of clays, salts, and the variable content of organic carbon). This results in an incremental error on the estimation of carbon content from LOI values that invalidates the use of LOI values as a quantitative method for estimating carbon content. Conversely, the general trends of LOI₅₅₀ and LOI₉₅₀ show a good correlation with carbon content (both organic and inorganic) allowing use of LOI as a qualitative test for carbon content. Similarly, in our case, LOI at 105 °C (LOI₁₀₅) is a good qualitative proxy for the trends in gypsum content.  相似文献   

城市地面沉降与地下水位变化关系的数学模拟   总被引：3，自引：1，他引：3  

姜晨光  于雪鹏蔡伟崔专  黄家兴 《中国煤田地质》2004,16(1):29-31

根据滨海平原多个城市多年城市地表沉降及城市地下水位监测资料，系统地分析了地下水位变化与城市地衾沉降的关系，并利用计算机模拟的方法，给出了该类城市地表沉降的数学模型。  相似文献   

Casualty occurrence mechanism in the collapse of timber‐frame houses during an earthquake     

Junji Kiyono  Aiko Furukawa 《地震工程与结构动力学》2004,33(12):1233-1248

  相似文献   

蛇绿岩年代学研究方法及应注意的问题   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3  

马中平  夏林圻  夏祖春  徐学义  李向民  王立社 《西北地质》2004,37(3):103-108

蛇绿岩年代学在研究造山带构造演化、古洋一陆及板块构造格局恢复中至关重要。同位素测年及化石年代学法是蛇绿岩年代学研究的基本方法。高精度同位素测年首选锆石U-Pb法(包括单颗粒锆石U-Pb法、离子探针SHRIMP U-Pb法)及^40Ar-^39Ar法。同时可辅以Sm-Nd及Rb-Sr等时线法测年；各种测年方法所获结果与化石年代之间应相互比对；与蛇绿岩形成、演化相关的各地质事件发生的时间可以对蛇绿岩的形成时代进行约束。测年时必须对所测对象的特征及性质进行详细的研究。同时，对各种测年方法的适用性和应注意的问题有所了解。唯此才能对测年结果的含义及准确性做出科学、合理的解释。  相似文献   

前前陆盆地层系砂岩成岩环境特征及其孔隙演化——以鄂尔多斯盆地西缘二叠系为例   总被引：7，自引：0，他引：7  

王建伟鲍志东  田海芹郑四兵 《岩石矿物学杂志》2004,23(1):37-42

鄂尔多斯西缘二叠系为前前陆盆地层系，砂岩成岩作用仍受前陆盆地构造的影响，不同构造分区砂岩储层的成岩环境存在一定的差别。研究发现，西缘逆冲带砂体经历了浅埋藏弱压实和溶蚀作用，储集物性最优；斜坡带砂岩储层不仅残留少量粒间孔隙，而且溶蚀作用形成的次生孔隙对储集空间的改善十分明显；压实压溶作用和胶结充填作用严重损害前渊带砂岩原生孔隙，但后期的凝灰质溶蚀蚀变作用对储层性能有一定的改善，仍不失为天然气的有效储层。  相似文献   

阻滑桩加固土坡稳定性分析的上限解法   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

年廷凯  栾茂田 《岩土力学》2004,25(Z2):167-173

从极限分析机动学方法出发,利用土的抗剪强度折减系数概念,建立了土坡的极限平衡状态方程,由此确定土坡的临界稳定安全系数及其相应的潜在破坏模式.对于典型问题,通过与现有极限平衡解和有限元数值解的对比分析,验证了这种上限解法的合理性.进而对于在给定的荷载条件下不能满足抗滑稳定性要求的土坡,考虑采用阻滑桩加固方式,根据桩侧有效土压力的合理分布模式确定桩体与滑动面相交的截面上等效抗滑力和抗滑力矩,利用极限分析上限定理建立了阻滑桩加固土坡的极限平衡状态方程,将桩侧土压力作为目标函数,运用数学规划方法确定了极限平衡状态时的临界桩侧土压力,以此为土坡加固中阻滑桩设计提供依据.通过数值计算与分析探讨了阻滑桩加固位置的优化布置等问题.  相似文献