Hydrological modelling of temporally-varying catchments: facets of change and the value of information     

A. Efstratiadis  I. Nalbantis  D. Koutsoyiannis 《水文科学杂志》2015,60(7-8):1438-1461

Abstract

River basins are by definition temporally-varying systems: changes are apparent at every temporal scale, in terms of changing meteorological inputs and catchment characteristics due to inherently uncertain natural processes and anthropogenic interventions. In an operational context, the ultimate goal of hydrological modelling is predicting responses of the basin under conditions that are similar or different to those observed in the past. Since water management studies require that anthropogenic effects are considered known and a long hypothetical period is simulated, the combined use of stochastic models, for generating the inputs, and deterministic models that also represent the human interventions in modified basins, is found to be a powerful approach for providing realistic and statistically consistent simulations (in terms of product moments and correlations, at multiple time scales, and long-term persistence). The proposed framework is investigated on the Ferson Creek basin (USA) that exhibits significantly growing urbanization during the last 30 years. Alternative deterministic modelling options include a lumped water balance model with one time-varying parameter and a semi-distributed scheme based on the concept of hydrological response units. Model inputs and errors are respectively represented through linear and nonlinear stochastic models. The resulting nonlinear stochastic framework maximizes the exploitation of the existing information by taking advantage of the calibration protocol used in this issue.  相似文献   

北美典型混合页岩油系统特征及其启示     

李志明  芮晓庆  黎茂稳  曹婷婷  徐二社  陶国亮  蒋启贵 《吉林大学学报(地球科学版)》2015,45(4):1060-1072

北美Williston 盆地Bakken组属典型的混合页岩油系统.笔者系统剖析了Bakken组混合页岩油系统富有机质层段和贫有机质层段的地质与地球化学、物性与裂缝发育以及页岩油特征,揭示了页岩油"甜点"主要受高含轻质油的富有机质成熟页岩、异常压力、微裂缝以及贫有机质层的白云石化作用共同控制,同时由于贫有机质层具有相对高的孔隙度、渗透率以及低的吸附量,因此可认为其是混合型页岩油系统中的主要产层.这对目前我国东部陆相页岩油勘探效果不佳的因素分析具有重要启示.把页岩油勘探目标层仅仅聚焦于富有机质泥页岩层段是勘探效果欠佳的主观因素;而富有机质泥页岩层段天然微裂缝发育局限、滞留油主要赋存在有机质中、热演化程度偏低使滞留油较重以及湖相Ⅰ型烃源岩生成的油含蜡量高等因素,是导致可采的页岩油量十分有限的客观因素.为此,针对我国东部湖盆页岩油的勘探,建议:加强成熟富有机质层系中贫有机质碳酸盐岩或粉砂、细砂岩薄夹层的精细评价与勘探;加强成熟富有机质泥页岩层段裂缝型页岩油的评价与勘探.  相似文献   

5种海水养殖鱼类幼鱼的耗氧率及窒息点   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

陈婉情  吴洪喜  吴亮  马建忠 《海洋学研究》2015,33(2):76-81

为鱼类苗种运输和养殖过程中溶解氧的科学调控提供理论依据,采用密闭式呼吸实验法探究了20、25和30 ℃水温下豹纹鳃棘鲈Plectropomus leopardus、驼背鲈Cromileptes altivelis、棕点石斑鱼Epinephelus fuscoguttatus、赤点石斑鱼Epinephelus akaara和珍珠龙胆石斑鱼5种海水养殖鱼类幼鱼(体重范围为53.6～84.5 g)的耗氧率和窒息点。结果表明:在盐度为30的条件下,5种海水养殖鱼类幼鱼的耗氧率和窒息点均随水温的升高而升高。同水温下的耗氧率,豹纹鳃棘鲈为最高, 20、25和30 ℃水温下分别为0.15、0.21和0.31 mg/(g·h);珍珠龙胆石斑鱼为最低,20、25和30 ℃水温下分别为0.08、0.15和0.16 mg/(g·h)。同水温下窒息点,驼背鲈为最高, 20、25和30 ℃水温下分别为1.00、1.12和1.21 mg/L ;珍珠龙胆石斑鱼为最低, 20、25和30 ℃水温下分别为0.19、0.24和0.25 mg/L。  相似文献   

Real‐time hybrid testing of a smart base isolation system          下载免费PDF全文

Pei‐Ching Chen  Keh‐Chyuan Tsai  Pei‐Yang Lin 《地震工程与结构动力学》2014,43(1):139-158

Real‐time hybrid testing is a very effective technique for evaluating the dynamic responses of rate‐dependent structural systems subjected to earthquake excitation. A smart base isolation system has been proposed by others using conventional low‐damping isolators and controllable damping devices such as magnetorheological (MR) dampers to achieve specified control target performance. In this paper, real‐time hybrid tests of a smart base isolation system are conducted. The simulation is for a base‐isolated two‐degrees‐of‐freedom building model where the superstructure and the low‐damping base isolator are numerically simulated, and the MR damper is physically tested. The target displacement obtained from the step‐by‐step integration of the numerical substructure is imposed on the MR damper, which is driven by three different control algorithms in real‐time. To compensate the actuator delay and improve the accuracy of the test, an adaptive phase‐lead compensator is implemented. The accuracy of each test is investigated by using the root mean square error and the tracking indicator. Experimental results demonstrate that the hybrid testing procedure using the proposed actuator compensation techniques is effective for investigating the control performance of the MR damper in a smart base isolation system. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

Large‐scale real‐time hybrid simulation of a three‐story steel frame building with magneto‐rheological dampers          下载免费PDF全文

Yunbyeong Chae  James M. Ricles  Richard Sause 《地震工程与结构动力学》2014,43(13):1915-1933

A series of large‐scale real‐time hybrid simulations (RTHSs) are conducted on a 0.6‐scale 3‐story steel frame building with magneto‐rheological (MR) dampers. The lateral force resisting system of the prototype building for the study consists of moment resisting frames and damped brace frames (DBFs). The experimental substructure for the RTHS is the DBF with the MR dampers, whereas the remaining structural components of the building including the moment resisting frame and gravity frames are modeled via a nonlinear analytical substructure. Performing RTHS with an experimental substructure that consists of the complete DBF enables the effects of member and connection component deformations on system and damper performance to be accurately accounted for. Data from these tests enable numerical simulation models to be calibrated, provide an understanding and validation of the in‐situ performance of MR dampers, and a means of experimentally validating performance‐based seismic design procedures for real structures. The details of the RTHS procedure are given, including the test setup, the integration algorithm, and actuator control. The results from a series of RTHS are presented that includes actuator control, damper behavior, and the structural response for different MR control laws. The use of the MR dampers is experimentally demonstrated to reduce the response of the structure to strong ground motions. Comparisons of the RTHS results are made with numerical simulations. Based on the results of the study, it is concluded that RTHS can be conducted on realistic structural systems with dampers to enable advancements in resilient earthquake resistant design to be achieved. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

Seismic performance evaluation of high‐voltage disconnect switches using real‐time hybrid simulation: II. Parametric study          下载免费PDF全文

Selim Günay  Khalid M. Mosalam 《地震工程与结构动力学》2014,43(8):1223-1237

This paper presents the results of a parametric study that consists of real‐time hybrid simulation tests of electrical insulator posts on a smart shaking table. A companion paper presents the details of the development and validation of the real‐time hybrid simulation system used for conducting the tests of this parametric study. The purpose of the parametric study presented in this paper is to evaluate the effect of support structure damping and stiffness on the response of disconnect switches with two different insulator materials, namely porcelain and polymer insulator posts. Various global and local response parameters including accelerations, forces, displacements, and strains are considered in this evaluation. The data obtained from the conducted tests show that the maximum insulator response corresponds to the case where the support structure frequency is close to the insulator frequency. An incorporated evaluation of all the response parameters indicates that the stiff support structures constitute the most suitable configuration for both material types of the tested insulator posts. It is also observed that support structure damping has an effect on the response of both insulator types. However, this effect is secondary compared with the effect of support structure stiffness. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

采用多种有限元子结构的混合试验系统     

杜雨峰  王涛 《地震学刊》2014,(3):370-376

采用子结构混合实验方法进行复杂结构的地震响应模拟。在混合实验中,根据结构的特征划分为多个子结构,每个子结构被封装起来,只有边界上的力和位移作为子结构间相互作用的变量,利用拟牛顿法保持整体结构的平衡和协调。目标结构为SRC框架剪力墙结构体系,结构顶部设置11层高的钢塔。在混合实验中,该结构被分为3个子结构,SRC部分为第一个子结构,采用OpenSees进行模拟;钢塔的第1层比较薄弱,是变形集中区域,采用实验进行模拟;钢塔其余部分采用ABAQUS有限元程序进行模拟。实验得到准确的地震响应,表明本文提出的混合实验方法可有效地结合多个有限元程序,充分利用各个有限元程序的优点进行复杂结构的地震响应模拟。  相似文献   

Near‐collapse response of existing RC building under severe pulse‐type ground motion using hybrid simulation          下载免费PDF全文

Justin A. Murray  Mehrdad Sasani 《地震工程与结构动力学》2016,45(7):1109-1127

Column shear‐axial failure is a complex response, which lends itself to physical experimentation. Reinforced concrete structures built prior to the mid‐1970s are particularly susceptible to such failure. Shear‐axial column failure has been examined and studied at the element level, but current rehabilitation practice equates such a column failure with structural collapse, neglecting the collapse resistance of the full structural system following column failure. This system‐level response can prevent a column failure from leading to progressive collapse of the entire structure. In this study, a hybrid simulation was conducted on a representative pre‐1970s reinforced concrete frame structure under severe seismic ground motion, in which three full‐scale reinforced concrete columns were tested at the University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign. The analytical portion of the model was represented in the computer program OpenSees. Failure occurred in multiple physical specimens as a result of the ground motion, and the hybrid nature of the test allowed for observation of the system‐level response of the tested columns and the remaining structural system. The behavior of the system accounting for multiple column shear‐axial failure is discussed and characterized. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

Three‐dimensional vibration control of high‐tech facilities against earthquakes and microvibration using hybrid platform     

Xiao‐Jian Hong  Songye Zhu  You‐Lin Xu 《地震工程与结构动力学》2010,39(6):615-634

High‐tech equipments engaged in the production of ultra‐precision products have very stringent vibration criteria for their functionality in normal operation conditions and their safety during an earthquake. Most previous investigations were based on simplified planar models of building structures, despite the fact that real ground motions and structures are always three‐dimensional. This paper hence presents a three‐dimensional analytical study of a hybrid platform on which high‐tech equipments are mounted for their vibration mitigation. The design methodology of the hybrid platform proposed in this study is based on dual‐level performance objectives for high‐tech equipments: safety against seismic hazard and functionality against traffic‐induced microvibration. The passive devices (represented by springs and viscous dampers) and the active actuators are designed, respectively, to meet vibration criteria corresponding to safety level and functionality level. A prototype three‐story building with high‐tech equipments installed on the second floor is selected in the case study to evaluate the effectiveness of the hybrid platform. The optimal location of the platform on the second building floor is determined during the design procedure in terms of the minimal H ₂ cost function of absolute velocity response. The simulation of the coupled actuator‐platform‐building system subjected to three‐dimensional ground motions indicates that the optimally designed hybrid platform can well achieve the dual target performance and effectively mitigate vibration at both ground motion levels. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

Road vehicle-induced vibration control of microelectronics facilities     

郭安薪  徐幼麟  李惠 《地震工程与工程振动(英文版)》2005,4(1):139-151

A hybrid control platform is investigated in this paper to mitigate microvibrations to a group of vibration-sensitive equipment installed in a microelectronics facility subject to nearby road vehicle-induced horizontal and vertical ground motions. The hybrid control platform, on which microelectronics equipment is installed, is mounted on a building floor through a series of passive mounts and controlled by hydraulic actuators in both horizontal and vertical directions. The control platform is an elastic body with significant bending modes of vibration, and a sub-optimal control algorithm is used to manipulate the hydraulic actuators with actuator dynamics included. The finite element model and the equations of motion of the coupled platform-building system are then established in the absolute coordinate to facilitate the feedback control and performance evaluation of the platform. The horizontal and vertical ground vibrations at the base of the building induced by nearby moving road vehicles are assumed to be stationary random processes. A typical three-story microelectronics building is selected as a case study. The case study shows that the vertical vibration of the microelectronics building is higher than the horizontal. The use of a hybrid control platform can effectively reduce both horizontal and vertical microvibrations of the microelectronics equipment to the level which satisfies the stringent microscale velocity requirement specified in the Bolt Beranek & Newman (BBN) criteria.  相似文献