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41.
A. P. Nicholas 《地球表面变化过程与地形》2003,28(6):655-674
This paper reports the application of a two‐dimensional hydraulic model to a braided reach of the Avoca River, New Zealand. Field measurements of water surface elevation, depth and velocity obtained at low flow were used to validate the model and to optimize the parameterization of bed friction. The main systematic trends in the measured flow variables are reproduced by the model. However, field data are characterized by greater spatial variability than model output reflecting differences in the scale of processes measured in the field and represented by the model. Additional model runs were conducted to simulate flow patterns within the study reach at five higher discharges. The purpose of these simulations was to evaluate the potential for using two‐dimensional hydraulic models to quantify the reach‐scale hydraulic characteristics of braided rivers and their dependence on discharge. Changes in flow depth and velocity with increasing discharge exhibit trends that are consistent with the results of previous field investigations, although the tendency for the wetted area of the braidplain within particular depth and velocity categories to remain fixed as discharge rises, as has been noted for several braided rivers in New Zealand, was not observed. Modelled shear stress frequency distributions fit gamma functions that incorporate a distribution shape parameter, the value of which follows clear systematic trends with rising discharge. These results illustrate both the problems of, and potential for, using two‐dimensional hydraulic models in braided river applications. This leads to something of a paradox in that while such models provide a means of generating hydraulic information that would be difficult to obtain in the field at an equivalent spatial resolution, they are, due to the problems inherent to data collection, difficult to validate conclusively. Despite this limitation, the application of spatially distributed models to investigate relationships between discharge and reach‐scale form and process variables appears to have considerable potential. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
42.
The inference of fault geometry from suprajacent fold shape relies on consistent and verified forward models of fault-cored folds, e.g. suites of models with differing fault boundary conditions demonstrate the range of possible folding. Results of kinematic (fault-parallel flow) and mechanical (boundary element method) models are compared to ascertain differences in the way the two methods simulate flexure associated with slip along flat-ramp-flat geometry. These differences are assessed by systematically altering fault parameters in each model and observing subsequent changes in the suprajacent fold shapes. Differences between the kinematic and mechanical fault-fold relationships highlight the differences between the methods. Additionally, a laboratory fold is simulated to determine which method might best predict fault parameters from fold shape. Although kinematic folds do not fully capture the three-dimensional nature of geologic folds, mechanical models have non-unique fold-fault relationships. Predicting fault geometry from fold shape is best accomplished by a combination of the two methods. 相似文献
43.
三峡工程大江截流的水文技术 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
鉴于三峡工程大江截流水深大,流量大,工期紧,特别是截流过程中要考虑不断航因素,因此,在大江截流和二期围堰阶段的施工进程中,应充分考虑到各方面的因素,尽可能采取一切减少大江截流和二期围堰施工难度的手段和措施,其中水文测验,水文气象预报,河道观测,水文分析与计算和水力学计算等水文工作则是为顺利实施高质量大江截流的重要条件。 相似文献
44.
介绍了MD-50型钻机液压系统的设计原理和主要液压元件的选择依据,并通过对设计和实践的总结,谈了作者在全液压钻机液压系统设计中的一些体会。 相似文献
45.
This paper addresses the problem of characterizing the shape of a geological surface on the basis of its principal curvatures.
The surface is assumed to be modeled as a set of adjacent triangles defined by the location of their vertices and a method
is proposed for estimating numerically the principal curvatures at the vertices of the triangles using a local C2 interpolant. Also shown is how principal curvatures can be useful for studying the deformation of a geological surface (with
application to 3D balanced unfolding), and analyzing the folding or faulting of the interface between two adjacent layers. 相似文献
46.
47.
针对棒、管料开槽的问题,提出了一种新型全自动开槽机。介绍了该开槽机的结构和工作原理,建立全自动开槽机相适应的液压系统,搭建了开槽机继电器——控制器控制电路,实现了该设备的全自动过程控制。 相似文献
48.
Jiongxin Xu 《地球表面变化过程与地形》2004,29(5):645-657
A comparison has been made between the hydraulic geometry of sand‐ and gravel‐bed rivers, based on data from alluvial rivers around the world. The results indicate a signi?cant difference in hydraulic geometry among sand‐ and gravel‐bed rivers with different channel patterns. On this basis, some diagrams for discrimination of meandering and braided channel patterns have been established. The relationships between channel width and water discharge, between channel depth and water discharge, between width–depth ratio and water discharge and between channel slope and water discharge can all be used for channel pattern discrimination. The relationship between channel width and channel depth can also be used for channel pattern discrimination. However, the accuracy of these relationships for channel pattern discrimination varies, and the depth–discharge relationship is a better discriminator of pattern type than the classic slope–discharge function. The cause for this difference has been explained qualitatively. To predict the development of channel patterns under different natural conditions, the pattern discriminator should be searched on the basis of independent or at least semi‐independent variables. The relationship between stream power and bed material grain size can be used to discriminate channel patterns, which shows a better result than the discriminator using the slope–discharge relationship. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
49.
50.
"渗流-管流耦合模型"的物理模拟及其数值模拟 总被引:16,自引:2,他引:16
井孔 -含水系统问题是当今水文地质学最重要的研究课题之一。长期以来 ,水文地质模型中对井孔的刻画基本上都是引用“热传导”中的“线汇”理论 ,需要人工预先给定线汇 线源的流量或水头的分配 ,其正确性或适用性至今没有得到理论证明。陈崇希 (1993 )提出的“渗流 -管流耦合模型”和“等效渗透系数”在理论上已解决多个水文地质问题 ,也用于几个实例 ,本文再用物理模拟检验其可靠性。论文针对具有典型意义的河床下水平井或傍河垂直井地下水流问题做了砂槽物理模拟 ,并用基于“渗流 -管流耦合模型”和“等效渗透系数”的数值方法仿真模拟了此条件下地下水流的规律。成果表明 ,数值模拟观测孔水头动态相当好地再现了物理模拟结果。论文指出了“渗流 -管流耦合模型”和“等效渗透系数”在井孔 -含水系统问题上的广泛应用前景。 相似文献