Application of a rainfall-runoff model to three catchments in Iraq     

FAYEZ ABDULLA  LAITH AL-BADRANIH 《水文科学杂志》2013,58(1):13-25

Abstract

The capability of the Surface inFiltration Baseflow (SFB) conceptual rainfall-runoff model to simulate streamflow for three catchments selected from northern Iraq is investigated. These catchments differ in their climatic regimes and physical characteristics. Three versions of the model were tested: the original three-parameter model (SFB), the modified five-parameter model (SFB-5), and the modified six-parameter model (SFB-6). The available daily precipitation, potential evapotranspiration and runoff data were used in conjunction with a simulated annealing (SA) optimization technique to calibrate the various versions of the SFB model. A simple sensitivity analysis was then carried out to determine the relative importance of the model parameters. The study indicated that use of the original three parameter model was not adequate to simulate monthly streamflow in the selected catchments. The modified version (SFB-5) provided better runoff simulation than the original SFB model; overall a 19% increase was observed in the coefficient of determination (R²) between simulated and observed monthly runoff. The SFB-5 model performed with varying degrees of success among the catchments. The model performance in the validation stage was reasonable and comparable to that of the calibration stage. The sensitivity analysis of the SFB model for arid catchments revealed that the baseflow parameter (B) was the most sensitive one, while the S and F parameters were less sensitive than the B parameter.  相似文献   

A SIMPLE SOIL MOISTURE INDEX TO FORECAST CROP YIELDS     

Scott A. Isard  Mark R. Welford  Steven E. Hollinger 《自然地理学》2013,34(6):524-538

Neutron probe soil moisture measurements obtained biweekly during the growing season between 1982 and 1991 from multiple depths under grass-covered plots at 17 Illinois Climate Network sites are used to forecast crop yields. A Soil Moisture Index (SMIX) that combines the effect of intensity, duration, and timing of drought or excessively wet conditions was computed by integrating the quantity of available soil moisture throughout the rooting zone over the growing season. Relationships between the SMIX values and crop yields are evaluated at county, regional, and statewide scales. Coefficients of determination (r ²) for relationships between the SMIX values and maize, soybeans, and hay yields at the statewide level are 0.88, 0.74, and 0.81, respectively, when the period of integration is terminated at the end of the growing season. This new soil index can be employed to forecast yields as early as 12 weeks before harvest for the state of Illinois. However, predictions with RMSE ≤ 10% of the mean yield can be achieved only for SMIX integration periods ending 5, 9, and 6 weeks before harvest for maize, soybeans, and hay, respectively. Nomograms are presented for using the relationships between the SMIX values and crop yields to forecast Illinois's major crops well before harvest.  相似文献   

Evaluation of fuzzy-based classifiers for cotton crop identification     

Vijaya Musande  P.S. Roy  Karbhari Kale 《国际地球制图》2013,28(3):243-257

In this study, an evaluation of fuzzy-based classifiers for specific crop identification using multi-spectral temporal data spanning over one growing season has been carried out. The temporal data sets have been georeferenced with 0.3 pixel rms error. Temporal information of cotton crop has been incorporated through the following five indices: simple ratio (SR), normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), transformed normalized difference vegetation index (TNDVI), soil-adjusted vegetation index (SAVI) and triangular vegetation index (TVI), to study the effect of indices on classified output. For this purpose, a comparative study between two fuzzy-based soft classification approaches, possibilistic c-means (PCM) and noise classifier (NC), was undertaken. In this study, advanced wide field sensor (AWiFS) data for soft classification and linear imaging self scanner sensor (LISS III) data for soft testing purpose from Resourcesat-1 (IRS-P6) satellite were used. It has been observed that NC fuzzy classifier using TNDVI temporal index – dataset 2, which comprises four temporal images performs better than PCM classifier giving highest fuzzy overall accuracy of 96.03%.  相似文献   

Artificial neural networks and nonlinear regression techniques to assess the influence of slake durability cycles on the prediction of uniaxial compressive strength and modulus of elasticity for carbonate rocks   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

S. Yagiz  E. A. Sezer  C. Gokceoglu 《国际地质力学数值与分析法杂志》2012,36(14):1636-1650

Understanding rock material characterizations and solving relevant problems are quite difficult tasks because of their complex behavior, which sometimes cannot be identified without intelligent, numerical, and analytical approaches. Because of that, some prediction techniques, like artificial neural networks (ANN) and nonlinear regression techniques, can be utilized to solve those problems. The purpose of this study is to examine the effects of the cycling integer of slake durability index test on intact rock behavior and estimate some rock properties, such as uniaxial compressive strength (UCS) and modulus of elasticity (E) from known rock index parameters using ANN and various regression techniques. Further, new performance index (PI) and degree of consistency (Cd) are introduced to examine the accuracy of generated models. For these purposes, intact rock dataset is established by performing rock tests including uniaxial compressive strength, modulus of elasticity, Schmidt hammer, effective porosity, dry unit weight, p‐wave velocity, and slake durability index tests on selected carbonate rocks. Afterward, the models are developed using ANN and nonlinear regression techniques. The concluding remark given is that four‐cycle slake durability index (I_d4) provides more accurate results to evaluate material characterization of carbonate rocks, and it is one of the reliable input variables to estimate UCS and E of carbonate rocks; introduced performance indices, both PI and Cd, may be accepted as good indicators to assess the accuracy of the complex models, and further, the ANN models have more prediction capability than the regression techniques to estimate relevant rock properties. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

基于遥感影像的大郑东新区景观格局现状分析     

冯峰  马蓓蓓  杨燕丽  益建芳 《测绘与空间地理信息》2011,34(1):162-165

研究基于RS和GIS技术,以研究区的土地利用现状图和2009年3月5号SPOT 5卫星的10 m多光谱遥感影像数据为主要数据源,结合研究区近年来的社会经济资料和实地调查记录,在深入分析研究区景观生态格局时空演变特征的基础上,以ENVI4. 5和Fragstats 3. 3软件作为支持工具,从具体的景观生态空间,提取能够...  相似文献   

Ecological quality assessment of small estuaries from the Portuguese coast based on fish assemblages indices     

Cardoso I  Pais MP  Henriques S  da Fonseca LC  Cabral HN 《Marine pollution bulletin》2011,62(5):992-1001

The importance of establishing the ecological quality of estuarine systems has been widely acknowledged and led to the development of several fish community-based multimetric indices. Nevertheless, a question rose about the accuracy of these tools when natural disturbance is acting upon the organization of the systems’ communities. Four multimetric indices were used to examine their ability to differentiate the ecological status of five small estuarine systems (southern Portugal), and also to test if they reflected the level of anthropogenic pressures. Fish assemblages from Mira, Odeceixe and Aljezur (in the Southwest coast), Gilão and Bensafrim (in the South coast) estuaries were sampled seasonally for one year, and anthropogenic sources of pressure were identified and quantified. We found that although the applied indices provided information on ecological condition differentiation among systems, they are unable to explain different classes of ecological status in systems with equivalent pressure levels.  相似文献   

Estuarine ecological risk based on hepatic histopathological indices from laboratory and in situ tested fish     

Costa PM  Caeiro S  Lobo J  Martins M  Ferreira AM  Caetano M  Vale C  DelValls TÁ  Costa MH 《Marine pollution bulletin》2011,62(1):55-65

Juvenile Senegalese soles were exposed through 28-day laboratory and field (in situ) bioassays to sediments from three sites of the Sado estuary (W Portugal): a reference and two contaminated by metallic and organic contaminants. Fish were surveyed for ten hepatic histopathological alterations divided by four distinct reaction patterns and integrated through the estimation of individual histopathological condition indices. Fish exposed to contaminated sediments sustained more damage, with especial respect to regressive changes like necrosis. However, differences were observed between laboratory- and field-exposed animals, with the latest, for instance, exhibiting more pronounced fatty degeneration and hepatocellular eosinophilic alteration. Also, some lesions in fish exposed to the reference sediment indicate that in both assays unaccounted variables produced experimental background noise, such as hyaline degeneration in laboratory-exposed fish. Still, the field assays yielded results that were found to better reflect the overall levels of contaminants and physico-chemical characteristics of the tested sediments.  相似文献   

Application of organic petrology and geochemistry to coal waste studies   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Magdalena Misz-Kennan  Monika J. Fabiańska 《International Journal of Coal Geology》2011,88(1):1-23

Coal wastes produced during mining activities are commonly deposited in nearby dumps. These wastes mostly composed of minerals and variable amounts (usually 20-30%) of organic matter start to weather immediately after deposition. Oxidation of the organic matter can lead to self heating and self combustion as a result of organic and mineral matter transformations. The degree of alteration depends on the properties of the wastes, i.e., the maceral and microlithotype composition of the organic matter and its rank.Alteration of wastes also depends on the heating history, i.e., the rate of heating, final heating temperature, duration of heating, and the degree of air access. Although air is probably necessary to initiate and drive the heating processes, these usually take place under relatively oxygen depleted conditions. With slow heating, color of organic matter particles changes, irregular cracks and oxidation rims develop around edges and cracks, and bitumen is expelled. As a result, massive and detritic isotropic and strongly altered organic matter forms. On the other hand, higher heating rates cause the formation of devolatilization pores, oxidation rims around these pores and along cracks, vitrinite-bands-mantling particles, and bitumen expulsions.Organic compounds generated from the wastes include n-alkanes, iso-alkanes, alkylcyclohexanes, acyclic isoprenoids, mainly pristane, phytane and, in some cases, farnesane, sesquiterpanes, tri- and tetracyclic diterpanes, tri- and pentacyclic triterpanes, and steranes, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (mostly with two- to five rings, rarely six rings), and phenols. The compounds formed change during the heating history. The fact that phenols are found in dumps where heating has not yet been completed, but are absent in those where heating ceased previously suggests the presence of water washing. The organic compounds formed may migrate within the dumps. However, when they migrate out of the dumps, they become a hazard to environment.This paper is a review on transformations of organic matter (both maceral composition and reflectance and chemical composition) in coal wastes deposited in coal waste dumps. Immediately after deposition the wastes are exposed to weathering conditions and sometimes undergo self heating processes.  相似文献   

喀斯特石漠化信息遥感提取的不确定性   总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4  

岳跃民  王克林  张兵  刘波  陈洪松  张明阳 《地球科学进展》2011,26(3):266-274

我国西南喀斯特地区以石漠化为特征的生态环境退化严重,遥感是快速、大面积石漠化定性评价、关健指标定量提取必不可少的手段.在简述喀斯特生态地质背景复杂性的基础上,系统分析了目前喀斯特石澳化信息遥感提取在遥感数据源、提取方法、、精度验证、不确定性源等方面的问题,并提出未来石漠化遥感监测的重点研究内容.  相似文献   

中国西北地区石羊河流域农业生态系统能值评价   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

刘丽娟  李小玉  何兴元  肖笃宁  陈伟 《资源与生态学报(英文版)》2011,(3):232-240

通过能值方法分析了石羊河流域农业生态系统的资源环境基础和经济特征。结果表明,石羊河流域中下游凉州区和民勤绿洲的能值总投入呈降低趋势,能值投资率都偏高,生产成本较大;能值产出率低,对购买能值的利用效率不高;但能值自给率有所提高;环境载荷率高,农业生态环境所受压力较大,系统可持续发展指标表明两个绿洲经济系统极为不发达,属于消费型经济系统,并且人均可用能值和能值密度都呈降低趋势。  相似文献