河南省1985—2006年环境库兹涅茨曲线特征分析   总被引：10，自引：1，他引：9  

谷蕾  马建华  王广华 《地域研究与开发》2008,27(4)

自1991年美国经济学家格鲁斯曼(Grossman)和克鲁格(Krueger)利用西蒙*库兹涅茨的"倒U型假说"得出环境库兹涅茨曲线(EKC)后,国内外许多专家学者利用EKC研究经济增长和环境保护的关系.选取河南省1985-2006年共22年间的经济与环境数据,利用SPSS统计软件,建立河南省经济发展与工业"三废"排放量的计量模型,分析工业"三废"排放量的环境库兹涅茨曲线特征及其成因.结果表明:河南省工业废水排放量的环境库兹涅茨曲线呈正"U"形 倒"U"形曲线左侧,工业废气和固体废弃物排放量的环境库兹涅茨曲线呈倒"U"形左侧曲线,即河南省工业"三废"排放量仍处于上升期,除工业废水排放量与人均GDP的回归曲线已初见转折外,其余尚未达到环境质量趋好的转折点,今后仍必须加强环境保护,从而实现自然、经济和社会协调发展.  相似文献   

水资源经济政策CGE 模型及在北京市的应用   总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4  

邓群  夏军  杨军  孙杨波 《地理科学进展》2008,27(3):141-151

水资源经济政策的研究对于解决突出的水问题具有重要意义,本文采用2002 年北京市投入产出表和有关 的水资源公报等数据,通过单列水行业和废污水行业建立了基于一般均衡理论的水资源经济CGE(Computable General Equilibrium)模型和相应的42×53 多部门水资源投入产出表,利用GEMPACK 软件包,对北京市水资源经济 政策进行了模拟和分析。模拟显示,当水价增加10%时,行业产出和销售量变化呈现不同的特点和变动趋势;当水 量增加10%时,造成行业产出的变化和销售量的变动也值得深虑。该成果可为制定和实施水资源政策提供决策参 考及模拟平台。  相似文献   

空间数据访问控制研究     

林家元  方裕  陈斌 《地理与地理信息科学》2008,24(2):9-13

空间数据安全,尤其是访问控制在GIS应用(特别是网络应用)中已经成为不可或缺的功能部件。该文主要讨论设计和实现空间数据访问控制功能所涉及的基本问题,包括空间数据访问控制分类、空间数据访问控制的要求、空间数据访问控制模型、授权规则的存储结构和管理方式、授权规则与访问请求的匹配决策算法以及空间数据访问控制的实现策略等。提出一种空间数据访问控制的参考框架,定义了各组件的功能,并解释访问控制功能的实现流程。  相似文献   

泛珠三角区域经济发展差异的因素分解   总被引：2，自引：2，他引：0  

西献新  王良健 《地理与地理信息科学》2008,24(5)

借助基尼系数的产业结构及效应分解法和Theil(锡尔)系数的嵌套分解法,从产业结构和空间结构层面对1992-2006年泛珠三角区域经济差异进行分解。从产业结构层面分析,第二产业是导致区域经济差异及其变动的第一大因素,第三产业次之,且其贡献率呈逐年上升的趋势。从空间结构层面分析,省内经济差异是导致泛珠三角区域经济差异的第一大因素,其贡献率在55%左右,且东部省内经济差异的影响最为显著;地带间经济差异是第二大因素,且地带间经济差异呈扩大趋势。  相似文献   

测绘与地理信息市场政策环境研究(专题九研究报告之二)   总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4  

李根洪 《地理信息世界》2005,3(4):12-16

从测绘与地理信息行业自身的特点和现状出发,探讨了在市场经济环境下如何生存与发展．目前测绘市场的竞争环境,人们对地理信息产品的需求,以及从长远和进入国际市场的角度考虑．规范测绘市场、建立测绘监理制度和注册测量师的必要性。  相似文献   

区位和管理政策对海岸带土地利用变化的影响--以昌黎黄金海岸地区为例   总被引：11，自引：3，他引：8  

王敬贵  苏奋振  周成虎  杨晓梅  杜云艳  陈秀法 《地理研究》2005,24(4):520-526

本文在RS和GIS支持下研究了河北昌黎黄金海岸地区1985年至2000年的土地利用变化格局及其影响因子。该区域的海岸区位对海岸带土地利用变化具有重要影响作用,近岸带变化较剧烈,远岸带变化较小,且具有不同的变化特点。海岸带管理政策对土地利用变化的程度和特征存在重要影响,开发区土地利用变化较剧烈,其变化类型受开发方式及其目标影响;保护区主要是大片沙丘转变为林地和草地。  相似文献   

New perspectives in small-scale fisheries management: challenges and prospects for implementation in South Africa     

《African Journal of Marine Science》2013,35(2):297-311

Worldwide, the past 15–20 years has seen a significant shift in thinking and approaches to the management of small-scale fisheries. This is in response to the recognition that conventional fisheries management is not equipped to deal with the complexities, uncertainties and challenges prevalent in small-scale fishery systems. Consequently, a new fisheries paradigm is emerging based on the principles and ideas underpinning systems thinking, complexity theory, participatory democracy and adaptive management. Although fishery science is required to inform management decisions, it must be seen as one of the inputs needed for effective governance. Incorporation of other disciplinary perspectives, knowledge sources and local information is considered necessary for understanding the fishery system and identifying appropriate management responses. Although South Africa has incorporated many of these ideas and principles into broad policies and legislation governing resource management, implementation of this new paradigm in the context of small-scale fisheries is proving difficult. However, recent developments such as the recognition of the socio-economic rights of this group of fishers, the formulation of a new draft small-scale fisheries policy, efforts to identify and address human dimensions in fisheries through research and stakeholder workshops, as well as opportunities for greater participation in policy formulation and management, are all indicative of a shift in institutional culture and approach to this sector. This paper aims to provide an overview of the main ideas underpinning the new small-scale fisheries paradigm and explores the application of these ideas in the context of small-scale fisheries in South Africa. Challenges and prospects for implementing this new management paradigm are discussed, as well as some practical ideas for progressing this new approach.  相似文献   

Does the invisible hand have a green thumb? Incentives, linkages, and the creation of wealth out of industrial waste in Victorian England   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

PIERRE DESROCHERS 《The Geographical journal》2009,175(1):3-16

'Loop closing', that is, the creation of waste recycling linkages between different industries, has been hailed as a means of simultaneously achieving improved economic and environmental performance. As a result of the widespread assumption that traditional market incentives and institutions are not conducive to such an outcome, however, there remains a fair amount of scepticism as to what the capacity of business self-interest to promote this behaviour actually is. This article challenges the dominant negative perspective by discussing by-product development in one of the most market-oriented societies in human history, Victorian England. Building on nineteenth and early twentieth century writings on the topic, as well as a more detailed analysis of the development of valuable by-products from highly problematic iron and coal gas production residuals, a case is made that the search for increased profitability within the context of private property rights often simultaneously promoted economic and environmental progress in the long run, as well as on different geographical scales.  相似文献   

Circuits of scrap: closed loop industrial ecosystems and the geography of US international recyclable material flows 1995–2005     

DONALD LYONS  MURRAY RICE  ROBERT WACHAL 《The Geographical journal》2009,175(4):286-300

The recycling of scrap material has been identified as an important strategy in the larger theory of industrial ecology. Industrial ecology argues that the traditional model of industrial activity needs to be transformed into a 'closed loop' industrial ecosystem where used materials (scrap) and by-products would substitute for virgin materials during production processes. The recycling of scrap material forms part of this larger effort to reduce the overall environmental impact of production and consumption. A key, but as yet, unresolved question in this process is the geographic scale (local, regional, national, global) at which loop closing should take place. This preliminary empirical research examines the export and import geography of the seven largest (by weight) US scrap commodities (iron and steel, paper, plastics, aluminium, copper, nickel and zinc) between 1995 and 2005 to ascertain the extent to which US scrap flows overseas and how that might affect our understanding of how material loops can close. Other than an integrated export and import relationship with Canada, the results suggest that there are two distinct circuits of scrap flows in the USA. The USA exports a substantial portion of the recyclable scrap generated each year to rapidly developing countries, while importing smaller quantities of scrap from the EU. With the major exception of exporting higher value iron and steel scrap to China, the US tends to export lower value scrap and import higher value scrap. In part this reflects imbalances in the supply and demand for scrap between the USA and the developing world, the lack of potentially available scrap and the absence of a robust recycling infrastructure in the developing world. Although such scrap circuits are probably not ideal, the use of US scrap in the developing world is both a realistic and preferable alternative in the short to medium term than virgin production.  相似文献   

中国主体功能区划的科学基础   总被引：7，自引：2，他引：5  

樊杰  李平星 《地理学报(英文版)》2009,19(5):515-531

Major function oriented zoning (MFOZ hereafter) is the guideline for optimizing the spatial pattern of regional development in China, which entails both theoretical and methodological innovation in the academic field of economic geography. This study analyzes the basic features of territorial function and puts forward a spatial equilibrium model for regional development for the first time. It argues that there exists a trend of regional convergence in the average value which indicates the comprehensive development status of any region. Based on this finding, the study illustrates that the formation of functional zone should be conducive to the narrowing of regional gap and that free flow of resources between regions is the prerequisite to spatial equilibrium. It also investigates the impact of territorial functional evolution on the process of spatial equilibrium and suggests that the maximization of benefits derived from zoning proposal is interrelative with the method of regional division and the degree of understanding towards the temporal changes of territorial function. Furthermore, this study goes on to examine the scientific foundation of several issues concerning the reconciliation between contradictory functions of development and protection, the selection of indicators and the spatial and temporal features of MFOZ. It is then probes into the rationality of achieving dual goals of efficiency and equality simultaneously through three-dimensional flow and spatial equilibrium. The paper ends with discussions on the position, implementation and coordination of MFOZ from the perspective of institutional arrangements of spatial governance including law, planning and government policy.  相似文献