中国耕地利用集约度结构变化及其区域差异   总被引：25，自引：6，他引：19  

陈瑜琦  李秀彬  田玉军  谈明洪 《地理学报(英文版)》2009,19(5):545-556

Based on the data from the Cost-benefit Data of Farm Produce and the China Agricultural Yearbook, this paper divided the intensity of cultivated land use into labor intensity and capital intensity, and then analyzed their temporal and spatial change at both national and provincial levels between 1980 and 2006. The results showed that: (1) At the national level, labor intensity on food produce decreased from 398.5 day/ha in 1980 to 130.25 day/ha in 2006; and a continuous decrease with a steep decline between 1980 and 1986, a slower decline from 1987 to 1996, and another steep decline from 1997 to 2006. On the contrary, capital intensity shows an increasing trend since 1980. As to the internal composition of capital intensity, the proportion of seed, chemical fertilizer and pesticide input decreased from 90.36% to 73.44% and the proportion of machinery increased from 9.64% to 26.56%. The less emphasis on yield-increasing input and more emphasis on labor-saving input are the main reasons for a slow increase of yield per unit area after 1996. (2) At the provincial level, the developed areas have lower labor intensity and higher capital intensity. The less developed ones have higher labor intensity but lower capital intensity. From the viewpoint of the internal composition of capital intensity, labor-saving input accounts for more proportion in the developed areas than that of other areas. The main reason is that in these developed areas, labor input has become a constraint factor in food production as more and more labors engaged in off-farm work. Farmers increase the labor-saving input for higher labor productivity. However, in the less developed areas, the major constraint is the shortage of capital; food production is still depending on labor and yield-increasing inputs.  相似文献   

Structural change of agricultural land use intensity and its regional disparity in China     

CHEN Yuqi  LI Xiubin  TIAN Yujun  TAN Minghong 《地理学报》2009,19(5):545-556

Based on the data from the Cost-benefit Data of Farm Produce and the China Agricultural Yearbook, this paper divided the intensity of cultivated land use into labor intensity and capital intensity, and then analyzed their temporal and spatial change at both national and provincial levels between 1980 and 2006. The results showed that: (1) At the national level, labor intensity on food produce decreased from 398.5 day/ha in 1980 to 130.25 day/ha in 2006; and a continuous decrease with a steep decline between 1980 and 1986, a slower decline from 1987 to 1996, and another steep decline from 1997 to 2006. On the contrary, capital intensity shows an increasing trend since 1980. As to the internal composition of capital intensity, the proportion of seed, chemical fertilizer and pesticide input decreased from 90.36% to 73.44% and the proportion of machinery increased from 9.64% to 26.56%. The less emphasis on yield-increasing input and more emphasis on labor-saving input are the main reasons for a slow increase of yield per unit area after 1996. (2) At the provincial level, the developed areas have lower labor intensity and higher capital intensity. The less developed ones have higher labor intensity but lower capital intensity. From the viewpoint of the internal composition of capital intensity, labor-saving input accounts for more proportion in the developed areas than that of other areas. The main reason is that in these developed areas, labor input has become a constraint factor in food production as more and more labors engaged in off-farm work. Farmers increase the labor-saving input for higher labor productivity. However, in the less developed areas, the major constraint is the shortage of capital; food production is still depending on labor and yield-increasing inputs.  相似文献   

Energizing historical materialism: Fossil fuels, space and the capitalist mode of production     

Matthew T. Huber 《Geoforum》2009,40(1):105-115

In this paper, I present a theoretical argument that fossil fuel represents a historically specific and internally necessary aspect of the capitalist mode of production. Despite sustained attention to distributional conflicts between international capital and energy rich nation-states, few historical-materialists have paid attention to the relations between fossil fuel and capital accumulation in industrial capitalist societies. In opposition to ecological economic notions of fixed thermodynamic “laws”, I first propose a dialectical conception of energy as embedded in dynamic social processes and power relations. Second, I review the historical importance of the energy shift from solar or biological sources of energy (muscles, wind, and water) to fossilized sources of energy (coal, oil, and gas). I then demonstrate how attention to fossil fuel energy forces a reexamination of the core insights of ecological Marxism and the political economy of nature. In the core argument of the paper, I reconsider the shift from biological to fossil energy as internal to the generalization and extension of capitalist social relations from two basic vantage points - (1) capitalist production based on wage labor; (2) the spatial conditions of capitalist circulation. I conclude by asking whether it is accurate to conceptualize capitalism as a “fossil fuel mode of production” and highlight the political urgency of a historical materialist perspective that takes seriously the importance of energy to the reproduction of capitalist social relations.  相似文献   

农村劳动力转移与农户生计间的影响关系分析——以甘肃省为例     

苏芳  郑亚萍  周亚雄 《干旱区地理》2017,40(4):875-880

新型城镇化的提出,必然会对农村劳动力转移的方向、形式、强度等方面产生较大影响,而农村劳动力转移又与农户生计的可持续发展息息相关。从家庭决策的角度出发,劳动力的迁移改变了农户发展生计的"能力",农户生计资本的状况又决定了劳动力转移这一行为变量的选择。本研究基于可持续生计框架,定量评估了农户生计资本与劳动力转移之间的相关关系,并得出以下结论：自然资本、物质资本、金融资本、人力资本、社会资本等与农村劳动力流动具有不同的相关关系,其中自然资本与其具有U型二次曲线关系;物质资本与其具有倒U型二次曲线关系;金融资本、人力资本、社会资本与其具有正向关系。这些研究不仅是对可持续生计框架理论基础的丰富及应用领域的拓展,又为研究劳动力转移提供了新的视角,对于有效解决三农问题,促进农户生计的可持续发展具有重要的现实意义和社会意义。  相似文献   

新《劳动合同法》下劳动关系管理理念的转变     

王铮 《中国煤炭地质》2009,(3):76-78

2008年1月1日颁布的《劳动合同法》是社会主义市场经济条件下全面调整劳动关系的一部重要法律。它通过倾向性地保护处于弱势地位的广大劳动者,规范了劳动关系双方各自的权利与义务,使劳动合同长期化,使劳动争议处理更加人性化,随着新《劳动合同法》下劳动关系管理理念的转变,使三方协商机制有法可依,为构建和谐稳定的劳动关系创造条件。  相似文献   

计算机产业全球生产网络分析 —— 兼论其在中国大陆的发展   总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4  

李健  宁越敏  汪明峰 《地理学报》2008,63(4):437-448

全球化与生产技术的发展进一步引导了社会生产组织的变革, 新的国际劳动分工深入 到产品内层次, 全球价值链和全球生产网络等开始被纳入诸多学科研究体系, 并更好地解释 了当今全球生产组织的新变化。文章首先从全球生产网络概念及研究综述入手, 探讨了计算 机产业全球生产网络的一般组织框架; 其次, 以价值链- 微笑曲线为对象对计算机产业全球 生产网络的价值分配及空间竞争性进行实证研究, 在此基础上进一步分析计算机产业全球生 产网络中的企业组织及其权力分配关系; 再次, 分析了目前中国计算机产业生产网络价值分 配结构及空间竞争性, 探讨中国大陆计算机产业融入全球生产网络的情况。  相似文献   

上海从业劳动力空间分布变动分析   总被引：13，自引：1，他引：12  

王桂新  魏星 《地理学报》2007,62(2):200-210

根据地方专业化指数与负指数函数模型方法, 利用上海市1996 年和2001 年两次基本单位普查基于工作地的从业劳动力数据, 分别以不同圈层、区县及乡镇街道为基本地域单元, 系统地考察了1996~2001年间上海从业劳动力的空间分布及其变动特征。发现上海从业劳动 力分布总体上呈都心区密度最高、由此向外依次降低的负指数函数分布的圈层结构模式。其 变动呈现都心区密度下降、周边地区上升、从业劳动力由都心区逐步向周边地区扩散的均衡化趋势。第二、三产业从业劳动力的分布变动互不相同: 第二产业主要表现为由中心城区向郊区扩散的较大范围的单向均衡化变动; 第三产业从业劳动力空间分布的变动则相对更向中心城区集聚, 表现为在距离市中心15 km 圈内由都心区向其边缘区扩散、15 km 圈以外地区特别是远郊区则反呈趋向中心城区的集中化变动。上海城市功能分异正向中心城区以“商” 为主、郊区以“工”为主, 空间模式由单中心结构向多中心结构演变。从业劳动力的这种空 间分布模式及其变动趋势, 基本符合大城市空间发展的一般规律。  相似文献   

非认知能力、地方依恋对农民工城市融入的影响机理研究     

司文涛  孟霖 《地理科学进展》2022,41(9):1770-1782

农民工的城市融入水平对迁入城市的可持续发展有着重要影响。非认知能力是农民工人力资本的重要构成,论文将非认知能力划分为开放性、尽责性、外倾性、宜人性和情绪稳定性5个维度,系统分析非认知能力与城市融入的关系,并辨析农民工城市融入过程中的情感联结即地方依恋在两者关系中的作用路径,进而探究非认知能力、地方依恋对城市融入的影响机理。研究结果表明：(1)非认知能力中的开放性、尽责性、宜人性3个维度对农民工城市融入具有显著的正向影响;开放性、尽责性、外倾性、宜人性、情绪稳定性对地方依恋有显著的正向影响;地方依恋对农民工城市融入具有显著的正向影响;(2)地方依恋在开放性、尽责性、宜人性与城市融入之间起到部分中介效应;地方依恋在外倾性、情绪稳定性与城市融入之间起到完全中介效应。论文丰富了农民工城市融入的研究范畴,可为促进农民工在珠三角地区的城市融入提供新的决策依据。  相似文献   

PALESTINIAN NATIONAL IDENTITY AND THE ISRAELI LABOR MARKET: Q-ANALYSES     

Juval Portugali  Michael Sonis 《The Professional geographer》1991,43(3):265-279

The proposition that geopolitical adjustments in Israel following the 1967 war recreated and fostered the Palestinian national identity is examined and quantified with Q-analysis of the street labor markets for Palestinian workers in Israel. These street labor markets played an important role in creating an interaction and communication network among Palestinians from distant districts, and thus in recreating their national identity. Our Q-analyses show that at least two years before the intifada, a global communication system existed among Palestinian workers through the street labor markets in Israel. Such a global system was a precondition for the outbreak of the intifada.  相似文献   

THE INTERNATIONAL MOBILITY OF LABOR: NORTH AFRICAN MIGRANT WORKERS IN FRANCE*     

Ann M. Oberhauser 《The Professional geographer》1991,43(4):431-445

Since World War II, migrant labor has contributed significantly to Western Europe's economic growth. Initially, industries recruited and hired migrant workers to overcome labor shortages and downward demographic trends within the domestic work force. Since the recession of the mid-1970s, however, migrant labor has faced increasing job loss and restricted entry to many Western European countries. Throughout the postwar period, state immigration policy has supported industry, initially by assisting in the recruitment, and more recently, facilitating the repatriation of migrant workers. Economic and social disparities between developed core and underdeveloped peripheral countries are linked to international labor mobility. Certain sectors in the core benefit from the reserve labor force while emigration from peripheral countries partially contributes to these countries' economic problems. These issues are explored through a case study of the employment of North Africans in the French automobile industry.  相似文献