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131.
James M. Roberts Andrew O. Langford Paul D. Goldan Fred C. Fehsenfeld 《Journal of Atmospheric Chemistry》1988,7(2):137-152
The applicability of the tungsten oxide denuder tube technique for the measurement of ammonia in the rural troposphere was investigated. The technique is based on selective chemisorption of NH3 from a gas stream, thermal desorption, conversion to NO, and analysis by NO–O3 chemiluminescence. Nitric acid, which is also collected and desorbed as NO, was distinguished from NH3 by differences in desorption temperature. Substituted amines were also collected, but desorbed at a slightly lower temperature than NH3 in dry air. At high relative humidities, alkylamines may be hydrolyzed to NH3 on the denuder surface and hence detected as NH3. Overheating of the denuder tube during the temperature-programmed desorption was found to cause significant irreversible degradation of system performance.The technique was used to measure NH3 mixing ratios at two rural locations in the United States. At a mountain site in Colorado during the winter of 1984, the average NH3 mixing ratio was 0.20 ppbv (=0.08 ppbv). At an isolated coastal site in northern California during the spring of 1985, the average NH3 mixing ratio was 0.36 ppbv (=0.17 ppbv). Correlations of the latter measurements with wind direction and NO
x
level suggest that the NH3 mixing ratio in Pacific marine air at 40°N is <-0.25 ppbv. 相似文献
132.
目前我国发现的天然铀氧化物为UO_(2.03)-UO_(2.85)的连续演化系列,均属UO_2(UO_(1.75)-UO_(2.30))的萤石型立方结构,即铀氧化物氧铀比的变化未产生相应的结构相的变化,但其物理特性却随着化学成分的变化(特别是矿物中氧铀比值)而变化,导致化学成分与结构相之间的矛盾。笔者认为天然铀氧化物中的六价铀(U~(6+))并不加入矿物晶格,而是以无定形铀酰离子团(UO_2)~(2+)或以三氧化铀的水化物(UO_3·nH_2O)形式存在于UO_2晶格的缺陷中。天然铀氧化物中这些非晶质的(UO_2)~(2+)或(UO_3·nH_2O)的混入量与生成的地质环境,特别是沉淀时体系的氧逸度、硫逸度有重要关系,它不只决定了形成铀氧化物的性质,同时也决定了矿物中氧铀比的变化。沥青铀矿是UO_2结晶体与呈凝胶的(UO_2)~(2+)基团及(UO_3·nH_2O)的混合物,因此,矿物中氧铀比的变化并不引起矿物相的转换。 相似文献
133.
钓鱼岛石是在我国台湾省钓鱼岛附近海域海底表层沉积物中发现的一种新矿物。钓鱼岛石为无色淡绿色到,薄板状,一轴晶负光性,晶体很小,一般在0.4×0.2×0.03mm~3以下,D=3.30,H_(v15)=1392.8kg/mm~2。电子探针定量分析(以相应氧化物为标样)结果(%):Na_2O4.54、Al_2O_3 93.00、Cr_2O_31.95、MgO0.10、CaO 0.10、SiO_2 0.23、K_2O 0.12,总量100.04。以氧为17计算的化学式为(Na_(0.87) K_(0.02) Mg_(0.02) Ca_(0.01);)_(0.92)(Al_(10.84)Cr_(0.15)Si_(0.02))_(11.01)O_(17)。经四圆单晶衍射证明,该矿物为六方晶系,空间群为P6_3/mmc,a=b=5.602(1)Ac=22.626(5)A,α=β=90°,γ=120°。 相似文献
134.
铅锰钛铁矿呈不规则粒状、片状产于内蒙古的花岗斑岩中。本文对该矿物作了电子探针分析,计算出其化学式并简化为(Pb,Na,K)(Ti,Fe,Zn,Mn)_(21)O_(38)。单晶X射线衍射结果表明它是三方晶系,空间群R3,晶胞参数a=10.378(13)A,c=20.809(15)A,Z=3。 相似文献
135.
J. M. Roberts R. B. Norton P. D. Goldan F. C. Fehsenfeld 《Journal of Atmospheric Chemistry》1987,5(2):217-238
The applicability of the tungsten oxide denuder tube technique for the measurement of nitric acid in the rural troposphere was investigated. The technique is based on selective chemisorption of HNO3 from the gas stream, thermal desorption, conversion to NO, and analysis by NO–O3 chemiluminescence. Ammonia, which is also collected and desorbed as NH3 and NO, was separated from the HNO3-derived NO by linear temperature-programed thermal desorption. Possible interferences by NO2, HCN, PAN, and n-propyl nitrate (NPN) were tested and found to be significant under conditions found in the lower troposphere. Simultaneous ambient measurements of HNO3 were made with the tungsten oxide denuder tube and nylon filter methods at a rural site in the Colorado mountains (Niwot Ridge, CO). Nitric acid levels measured by the tungsten oxide denuder tube averaged a factor of 3 higher than levels measured by the nylon filter technique. Tests involving the placement of nylon materials in front of the tungsten oxide denuder tube show that there are species, as yet unidentified, present in the atmosphere that interfere with the measurement of HNO3 by the tungsten oxide technique. 相似文献
136.
E. Robinson W. L. Bamesberger F. A. Menzia A. S. Waylett S. F. Waylett 《Journal of Atmospheric Chemistry》1984,2(1):65-81
In early 1982 a station capable of sampling atmospheric trace gas constituents on a continuous basis was established at Palmer Station, Anvers Island, adjacent to the Antarctic Peninsula (64° 46S 64° 04W). Sampling operations began about 1 February 1982. This is an initial report on this station, its location, equipment and general research objectives along with some initial sampling results. The constituents being measured and recorded were: ozone, methane, carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, CCl3F (fluorocarbon-11), CCl2F2 (fluorocarbon-12), carbontetrachloride, methylchloroform, nitrous oxide, and Aitken nuclei (CN). Data storage, data processing, and sampling system control is handled by a Hewlett-Packard 85 system. Preliminary analyses of about the first 20–22 months of data are presented and show not only the expected long-term trends but also shorter period concentration cycles that seem to be related to synoptic meteorology. 相似文献
137.
A three-dimensional model of the global ammonia cycle 总被引:16,自引:0,他引:16
Using a three-dimensional (3-D) transport model of the troposphere, we calculated the global distributions of ammonia (NH3) and ammonium (NH
4
+
), taking into account removal of NH3 on acidic aerosols, in liquid water clouds and by reaction with OH. Our estimated global 10°×10° NH3 emission inventory of 45 Tg N-NH3 yr– provides a reasonable agreement between calculated wet NH
4
+
deposition and measurements and of measured and modeled NH
4
+
in aerosols, although in Africa and Asia especially discrepancies exist.NH3 emissions from natural continental ecosystems were calculated applying a canopy compensation point and oceanic NH3 emissions were related to those of DMS (dimethylsulfide). In many regions of the earth, the pH found in rain and cloud water can be attributed to acidity derived from NO, SO2 and DMS emissions and alkalinity from NH3. In the remote lower troposphere, sulfate aerosols are calculated to be almost neutralized to ammonium sulfate (NH4)2SO4, whereas in the middle and upper troposphere, according to our calculations, the aerosol should be more acidic, as a result of the oxidation of DMS and SO2 throughout the troposphere and removal of NH3 on acidic aerosols at lower heights. Although the removal of NH3 by reaction with the OH radical is relatively slow, the intermediate NH2 radical can provide a substantial annual N2O source of 0.9
–0.4
+0.9
Tg, thus contributing byca. 5% to estimated global N2O production. The oxidation by OH of NH3 from anthropogenic sources accounts for 10% of the estimated total anthropogenic sources of N2O. This source was not accounted for in previous studies, and is mainly located in the tropics, which have high NH3 and OH concentrations. Biomass burning plumes, containing high NO
x
and NH3 concentrations provide favourable conditions for gas phase N2O production. This source is probably underestimated in this model study, due to the coarse resolution of the 3-D model, and the rather low biomass burning NH3 and NO
x
emissions adopted. The estimate depends heavily on poorly known concentrations of NH3 (and NO
x
) in the tropics, and uncertainties in the rate constants of the reactions NH2 + NO2 N2O + H2O (R4), and NH2 + O3 NH2O + O2 (R7). 相似文献
138.
A simple and inexpensive procedure is presented for the measurement of gaseous accommodation coefficients upon liquid or solid surfaces. The gas of interest is passed in laminar flow through an annular reactor and the profile of deposition is subsequently determined. The Cooney-Kim-Davies theoretical treatment of deposition in cylindrical systems is adapted to describe uptake on the walls of the annular reactor as a function of accommodation coefficient and diffusion coefficient. The accommodation coefficient () of ammonia on oxalic acid is determined in both cylindrical and annular systems and good agreement is found. Uptake of nitrogen dioxide on wet alkaline surfaces yields a value for of 2.5×10–4, and on solely wet surfaces a value of 8.7×10–5. Nitric and nitrous acids deposit to aqueous sodium carbonate/glycerol surfaces with values of of 1.5 × 10–2 and 4.3×10–3, respectively. 相似文献
139.
污染源、气象条件变化对我国SO2浓度及硫沉降量分布的影响 总被引:9,自引:1,他引:9
用三维欧拉型污染物长距离输送模式,模拟了中国大陆SOx的分布,并采用不同时期(1975、1980、1987年)的污染源与气象场资料,分析了污染源与气象条件变化对SOx分布产生的影响.研究表明,在该期间中国SOx污染比较严重的地区,气象条件变化导致SO2浓度和硫沉降量的相对变化通常在20%左右;污染源对SO2浓度与硫沉降量的作用通常大于气象条件,污染源变化产生的SO2浓度与硫沉降量的相对变化率为气象条件变化的几倍,甚至1~2个量级,尤其SOx污染比较严重的地区更为明显;但对西北及青藏高原地区,在源排放量变化不大,而气象条件变化较显著时,气象条件的作用通常大于排放源的影响. 相似文献
140.