Including predation mortality in stock assessments: a case study for Gulf of Alaska walleye pollock   总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0  

Hollowed  Anne Babcock; Ianelli  James N.; Livingston  Patricia A. 《ICES Journal of Marine Science》2000,57(2):279-293

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中华鳖Trionyx sinensis(Wiegmann)对泥鳅Misgurnus anguillicaudatus(Cantor)幼鱼的捕食效应     

袁向阳  邹李昶  申屠琰  朱卫东  王志铮 《海洋与湖沼》2014,45(1):206-211

以规格6m×4m×1.2m的室内水泥池为实验单元,A[(37.53±7.72)mm]、B[(63.13±12.95)mm]肛长组泥鳅幼鱼为猎物,采用捕食者-猎物间捕食效应研究方法,研究了中华鳖对泥鳅幼鱼的捕食效应。结果表明:(1)中华鳖捕食泥鳅幼鱼的时段主要集中于00:00—4:00,其对A肛长组泥鳅幼鱼所具的捕食选择性与A、B肛长组间初始数量的配置比例无关;(2)中华鳖捕食泥鳅幼鱼的功能反应属Holling-Ⅱ型,其对A、B肛长组泥鳅幼鱼的理论最大捕食量分别为16.13ind/d和9.06ind/d;(3)中华鳖对A、B肛长组泥鳅幼鱼的种内干扰模型可分别由各自的指数方程表达,用来描述实验鱼初始数量、实验期间实验鱼被捕食数量以及中华鳖个数等参数的统计关系,并指导确定合理的中华鳖和泥鳅的初始放养数量。  相似文献   

Book reviews     

Neil Deans  Robert G. Wear 《新西兰海洋与淡水研究杂志》2013,47(2):391-393

Glossary of aquatic habitat inventory terminology. Compiled by Neil B. Armantrout. Published in 1998 by American Fisheries Society. 150 p. ISBN 1–888569–11–5. Price: US$33.00 (available from: APS Publication Fulfillment, P. O. Box 1020, Sewickley, PA 15143, United States).

Studying temperate marine environments— a handbook for ecologists. Edited by Michael Kingsford and Christopher Battershill. Published in 1998 by Canterbury University Press, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch, New Zealand (email: m.bradstock@cup.canterbury.ac.nz). 344 p., limpbound. ISBN 0–908812–54‐X. Price: NZ$49.95.  相似文献   

Feeding ecology of whelks on an intertidal sand flat in north‐eastern New Zealand     

M. J. Stewart  R. G. Creese 《新西兰海洋与淡水研究杂志》2013,47(5):819-831

The dispersion patterns and feeding behaviour of intertidal whelks were investigated in north‐eastern New Zealand. Aggregations of whelks feeding on clams occurred regularly, with an average of 15–20 individuals per aggregation. Death of clams was attributable to predation in up to 50% of the aggregations, although scavenging of dead and moribund animals was the main activity of whelks. Laboratory and field studies showed that Lepsiella scobina (generally not considered a soft shore species) was the main whelk predator at Lews Bay, Whangateau Harbour, drilling a small neat hole through the clam shell. The distinction between Cominella spp. as predators or scavengers is not so clear. Reseeding of intertidal clams, Austrovenus stutchburyi, has been proposed as a technique for reestablishing populations in some degraded New Zealand estuaries. The impact of whelk predation has many implications for A. stutchburyi reseeding. Both L. scobina and Cominella adspersa may potentially prey on newly reseeded clams as they preferentially attacked small clams in the laboratory. On‐growing to a larger size before reseeding may be advantageous although large size was not found to protect prey from predation. Additionally, no seasonal trend in whelk activity was found.  相似文献   

Ecology of rocky reef fish of northeastern New Zealand: 50 years on     

GP Jones 《新西兰海洋与淡水研究杂志》2013,47(3):334-359

Abstract

This review examines the history and current understanding of the ecology of rocky reef fishes in northeastern New Zealand, marking the fiftieth anniversary of the Leigh Marine Laboratory. The cumulative number of publications increased steadily to c. 180 by 2012. Most attention has been on the snapper (Pagrus auratus, f. Sparidae), the largest in size and economically most important species, and on triplefins (Tripterygiidae), the smallest in size and most diverse family. A strong quantitative school emerged in the 1980s, a period when there was little research on temperate reef fishes elsewhere. A ‘bottom-up’ view of the effects of habitat structure on fish emerged, identifying the key roles of depth, topography and macroalgae. By 2000, attention shifted to using marine reserves as laboratories for ecological research. A ‘top-down’ view of fish as predators emerged, documenting cascading effects on prey communities and habitats. The two different viewpoints have not yet been integrated. Research gaps, including population connectivity and climate change, represent major challenges for the next 50 years.  相似文献   

Macroalgal associations of motile epifaunal invertebrate communities on coral reefs     

George Roff  Colette C. C. Wabnitz  Alastair R. Harborne  Peter J. Mumby 《Marine Ecology》2013,34(4):409-419

Small grazing motile epifaunal invertebrates play an important ecosystem role on coral reefs, influencing both the abundance and composition of macroalgal communities and acting as a key food source for a range of predatory fishes. The first aim of this study was to investigate the associations between motile epifaunal communities and four common macroalgal species (Lobophora variegata, Dictyota divaricata, Microdictyon marinum and Halimeda opuntia) on fore‐reef environments in the Exuma Cays (Bahamas, wider Caribbean). Secondly, we investigated the implications of the well documented rise of Caribbean macroalgal cover on invertebrate densities by surveying sites inside and outside the Exuma Cays Land and Sea Park (ECLSP), where increases in parrotfish grazing intensity inside the marine reserves have led to reductions in macroalgal cover. Therefore, surveys compared similar reefs with significantly different macrolagal cover. Comparisons between macroalgal species revealed a four to fivefold difference in motile epifaunal densities per unit volume of macroalgae. Post‐hoc tests revealed that this difference was significant only for Lobophora, with no difference observed among the other species. As macroalgae provide both a refuge from predation and a food source for grazing epifauna, the higher densities of epifauna observed in Lobophora may be attributed to either refuge from visual predators through morphological features (high cover of overlapping blades close to the substrate) or lack of palatability for parrotfish grazing, providing a more stable refuge. Our results revealed no significant differences in diversity, density or community structure of motile epifauna per unit volume of macroalgae between sites inside and outside the ECLSP. Since canopy height and invertivore biomass did not vary systematically across reserve boundaries, this suggests that algal cover does not affect the density of epifaunal invertebrates. However, areal cover was consistently higher for all macroalgal species at sites outside the ECLSP than those inside the reserve. Therefore, when scaled by aerial cover of macroalgae, total abundance of epifauna was twofold higher outside the ECLSP. We suggest that the increasing abundance of macroalgae on Caribbean reefs may be having dramatic effects on epifaunal invertebrate populations and potentially their ecological functions.  相似文献   

Deja vu? A second mytilid mussel,Semimytilus algosus,invades South Africa's west coast     

《African Journal of Marine Science》2013,35(3):307-313

A second marine mussel is shown to have invaded South Africa's west coast. Molecular techniques, based on intraspecific gene sequence divergences, prove its identity as Semimytilus algosus, a member of the family Mytilidae, native to Chile. The identity of an older introduced population found in Namibia is also confirmed. The present geographic range of S. algosus in South Africa extends some 500 km, from Groenriviersmond in the north to Bloubergstrand in the south. Together with Mytilus galloprovincialis, another previously established invasive mussel, S. algosus has become a dominant intertidal organism on wave-exposed rocky shores across this region. Both species are now much more abundant intertidally than either of the indigenous mussels Aulacomya ater and Choromytilus meridionalis, which have become largely confined to sublittoral and sand-inundated habitats respectively. The two invasive mussels display strong spatial segregation, with M. galloprovincialis dominating the midshore and S. algosus blanketing the lower shore. Through a combination of its small size and high abundance, S. algosus is likely to greatly increase food availability for a range of intertidal predators, many of which cannot consume mussels above a threshold size.  相似文献   

Defense by association: Sponge‐eating fishes alter the small‐scale distribution of Caribbean reef sponges          下载免费PDF全文

Michael K. Wooster  Micah J. Marty  Joseph R. Pawlik 《Marine Ecology》2017,38(2)

Recent studies have demonstrated that sponge‐eating fishes alter the community of sponges on coral reefs across the Caribbean. Sponge species that lack chemical defenses but grow or reproduce faster than defended species are more abundant on reefs where sponge‐eating fishes have been removed by overfishing. Does predator‐removal have an effect on the distribution of sponges at smaller spatial scales? We conducted transect surveys of sponge species that are palatable to sponge predators in proximity to refuge organisms that are chemically or physically defended (fire coral, gorgonians, hard corals) on the heavily overfished reefs of Bocas del Toro, Panama, and a reef in the Florida Keys where sponge‐eating fishes are abundant. In Panama, palatable sponge species were not distributed in close association with refuge organisms, while in the Florida Keys, palatable sponge species were strongly associated with refuge organisms. The presence of fish predators alters the meter‐scale pattern of sponge distribution, and defense by association enhances biodiversity by allowing palatable sponges to persist on reefs where sponge‐eating fishes are abundant.  相似文献   

溞类(Daphnia)反捕食的表型可塑性及其研究进展     

柯志新  黄良民 《湖泊科学》2009,21(6):758-767

表型可塑性指的是生物体在生物或非生物环境发生变化时会呈现出不同的表型能力,是生物在不稳定的生活环境中维持生存的一种主要策略.在淡水生态系统,大量研究表明浮游动物能通过捕食者释放的化学信息物质感知捕食风险的存在,从而导致反捕食的表型可塑性反应的发生.溞类是一类很好的研究浮游动物对捕食者释放的信息素产生表型可塑性反应的模式生物.本文综述了捕食者释放的化学信息素对溞类的生活史、形态特征、行为活动以及生理指标等表型的影响,探讨了其形成机制和生态意义.溞类对捕食风险信息素的表型可塑性是特定种群与捕食者长期相互作用下适应性进化产生的.加强这些研究对了解物种的形成和生物的进化有非常重要的意义.  相似文献   

Reduced abundance but increased diversity of chironomid larvae under higher trophic pressure from fish in semi-permanent ponds     

《Limnologica》2020

Fish may affect macrobenthic communities through trophic interactions and modification of habitat conditions. We compared the density, diversity and taxonomic composition of larval chironomids under low vs high fish impact, created by stocking semi-natural ponds with either young/small common carp Cyprinus carpio at low biomass densities or with high biomass densities of older/large common carp, supplemented by other cyprinids and predatory fish species.Over the study season, May–August, total chironomid abundance was considerably lower in ponds with high fish biomass than in low fish biomass ponds. In July–August larval densities declined significantly, irrespective of the fish status of the ponds. The composition of larval communities diverged between ponds with different fish status. Chironomus riparius and C. plumosus accounted for most of the observed dissimilarity. C. plumosus densities were not affected by the fish status of the pond, constituting on average >38 % of chironomid specimens in both types of ponds. C. riparius was abundant in ponds with low fish biomass (on average 30 %), but rare in ponds with high fish biomass (4 %). Other common taxa were Glyptotendipes pallens (15 % and 13 %, respectively) and Procladius sp. (14 % in ponds with low fish impact). Canonical correspondence analysis showed that fish biomass was more important in determining chironomid community composition than environmental variables indicative of pond eutrophication (total N, P, chlorophyll a and conductivity).Despite adverse effects on total abundance, chironomid diversity was higher under apparently stronger trophic pressure by fish. Fish may have relieved some chironomid species from invertebrate predation and competition with dominant Chironomus larvae. Other important drivers of chironomid assemblage and diversity patterns may include species-specific feeding modes and prey size selectivity of fish, the ability of chironomid larvae to attain size- and depth-refuge from small fish but not larger fish, and differential vulnerability of free-living and tube-dwelling larvae relative to ontogenetic niche shifts of fish.  相似文献