层次空间推理机制及其在路径寻找方面的应用(英文)     

Min Weng  Shanshan Jiang  Rong Qu 《地球空间信息科学学报》2008,11(4):269-272

Human beings use hierarchies to simplify their conceptual models of reality and to perform reasoning more efficiently. Hierarchical structures are conceptually imposed on space and allow performance of complex tasks in very large contexts easily. Hierarchical spatial reasoning is an important method for solving spatial problems. This paper briefly discusses the definition and frame of hierarchical spatial reasoning and its application to way-finding of road networks.  相似文献   

基于新标准的道路数据采集与建库的实践     

肖文芳  王峰 《测绘与空间地理信息》2008,31(3)

辽宁省测绘局基于SuperMap进行了1∶10000基础地理信息数据库的建设与数据生产,在建库过程中采用了新颁布的国家标准,并实现了图库一体化。本文讨论了在采集道路数据时遇到的问题,并提出了相应的解决方案。实践证明,一幅1∶10000的地理数据经过数据采集、软件的制图自动处理并经过简单的后期编辑,就可以满足地形图图式的要求。  相似文献   

道路网络生态干扰测度指数的改进及其空间分异特征——以闽江上游为例   总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0  

林玉英  李宝银  邱荣祖  林金国  伍世代 《地理科学》2021,41(6):951-959

以闽江上游地区为例,在传统指数的基础上,提出并采用改进后的道路网络线密度和道路网络影响域面密度指数,结合空间自相关分析方法,从线上和面上综合探索道路网络对生态干扰的空间分异格局;并分析指数间的相关性。结果表明：① 道路干扰程度具有明显的地区差异,在研究区中部、东部和南部存在空间集聚效应;② 考虑到坡度影响,同等级的道路缓冲带宽度并不是一个固定值;③ 所有指数均呈显著正相关,同类指数相关性大,不同类指数相关性小。若仅采用单一的线密度或面密度指数,则将导致信息不全;虽然同类指数间相关性很大,相互印证,但改进后的指数更加符合客观事实,建议采用。  相似文献   

Scale-free Structure of Town Road Network in Southern Jiangsu Province of China     

SU Weizhong YANG Guishan YAO Shimou YANG Yingbao 《中国地理科学(英文版)》2007,17(4):311-316

From the viewpoint of Graph Theory this paper builds a town road network graph of regional scale, and proposes numerical vertex degree (Di), rank vertex degree (Dr) and population size vertex degree (Dp) on the base of vertex degree (D). Then the indicators of Di, Dr, Dp and mathematical statistics methods are applied to investigating scale-free structure of town road networks in the southern Jiangsu Province. The results show that the distribution of Di does not exhibit scale-free properties, but Dr and Dp do. Additionally the correlation coefficient between Dp and Di is only 0.569, but the spatial correlation between Dp and Dr is very evident on the base of correlation analysis and spatial analysis of GIS. The mutual mechanism between Dp and Dr spatially represents a "Core-Belt" model of town development of regional scale. The town development model is open and clustered, and beneficial to both economic development and ecological protection. And then we suggest that Suzhou City, Wuxi City, Changzhou City and Wujin City control towns' high-density pattern by conducting centralization and consolidation policies, and properly controlling and planning higher rank roads; whereas Nanjing City, Zhenjiang City, Jintan City and Liyang City must strengthen the development of towns along higher rank roads.  相似文献   

丝绸之路经济带中国段经济发展时空演化特征     

魏晓旭  赵军  魏伟  颉斌斌 《干旱区地理》2015,38(6):1300-1309

以丝绸之路经济带中国段各县域(市、旗、区)单元为基本单元,以1980年、1990年、2000年和2013年统计年鉴的相关县域数据为数据源,结合钱纳里经济发展理论、空间相关分析和地理加权回归模型,系统分析丝绸之路经济带中国段县域经济发展时空格局演化特征及其成因。结果表明:(1)丝绸之路经济带经济发展整体上经历了"均衡→不均衡→逐步均衡"的发展趋势,其中区域性中心城市和资源富集性县域单元发展速度明显快于偏远和资源贫乏区域,对周边县域有较明显的辐射和联动效应。(2)丝绸之路经济带经济发展的冷点和热点集聚区经历了从无到有和从少到多的过程,形成了资源富集区域和区域性中心城市集聚区。(3)县域经济增长以空间正关联为主,HH类型有减小趋势,LL类型较为稳定,HL和LH类型则较少且分布零散。(4)通过因子加权回归发现,全社会固定资产投资、3次产业总值和地方政府财政支出对经济增长贡献最大,其它3个因子对其经济发展和空间格局分布亦有显著相关性,各因子对县域经济的影响的显著性随时间推移而不断增强。  相似文献   

Floodplain connection buffers seasonal changes in urban stream water quality          下载免费PDF全文

Sarah H. Ledford  Laura K. Lautz 《水文研究》2015,29(6):1002-1016

Urban streams in the Northeastern United States have large road salt inputs during the winter, increased nonpoint sources of inorganic nitrogen and decreased short‐term and permanent storage of nutrients. Restoration activities that re‐establish connection between streams and riparian environments may be effective for improving urban stream water quality. Meadowbrook Creek, a first‐order stream in Syracuse, NY, provides a unique setting to explore impacts of stream–floodplain connection because it flows along a negative urbanization gradient, from channelized and armoured headwaters to a broad, vegetated floodplain with a riparian aquifer. In this study, we investigated how reconnection to groundwater and introduction of riparian vegetation impacted urban surface water chemistry by making biweekly longitudinal surveys of stream water chemistry in the creek from May 2012 until June 2013. We used multiple methods to measure groundwater discharge rates along the creek. Chloride concentrations in the upstream, disconnected reach were influenced by discharge of road salt during snow melt events and ranged from 161.2 to 1440 mg/l. Chloride concentrations in the downstream, connected reach had less temporal variation, ranging from 252.0 to 1049 mg/l, because of buffering by groundwater discharge, as groundwater chloride concentrations ranged from 84.0 to 655.4 mg/l. In the summer, there was little to no nitrate in the disconnected reach because of limited sources and high primary productivity, but concentrations reached over 1 mg N/l in the connected reach because of the presence of riparian vegetation. During the winter, when temperatures fell below freezing, nitrate concentrations in the disconnected reach increased to 0.58 mg N/l but were still lower than the connected reach, which averaged 0.88 mg N/l. Urban stream restoration projects that restore floodplain connection may impact water quality by storing high salinity road run‐off during winter overbank events and discharging that water year‐round, thereby attenuating seasonal fluctuations in chloride. Contrary to prior findings, we observed that floodplain connection and riparian vegetation may alter nitrate sources and sinks such that nitrate concentrations increase longitudinally in connected urban streams. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

公路涎流冰的成冰机理与新型防治措施研究     

张浩  折学森  鲁中举 《冰川冻土》2015,37(6):1571-1578

建立了粗、细粒土冻结模型, 分析了扰动三层体内部的析冰原理, 提出密闭水体的冻结-压力循环, 该循环是涎流冰发育的机理. 对饱水粗颗粒土与饱水细颗粒土的冻结模型比较表明, 饱水粗粒土在密闭体系中的冻结; 就其产生的水压力而言, 实质上就是密闭水体的冻结, 也就是水冻结成冰体积膨胀受限而产生力的问题. 这种体积膨胀产生的力导致约束结构(如薄弱层)的整体性破坏. 在公路边坡数值模拟分析的基础上, 提出边坡薄弱层破坏导致渗水是形成坡积冰的主要原因之一, 薄弱层破坏处是病害最严重的位置. 根据病害形成原理和成因分析, 并提出渗井与仰斜式排水管相结合的复合防治措施, 工后效果良好.  相似文献   

Rill length and plot‐scale effects on the hydrogeomorphologic response of gravelly roadbeds          下载免费PDF全文

Edivaldo L. Thomaz  Carlos E. Ramos‐Scharrón 《地球表面变化过程与地形》2015,40(15):2041-2048

Although unpaved roads are well‐recognized as important sources of Hortonian overland flow and sediment in forested areas, their role in agriculturally‐active rural settings still lacks adequate documentation. In this study, we assessed the effect of micro‐catchment size, slope, and ground cover on runoff and sediment generation from graveled roadbeds servicing a rural area in southern Brazil. Fifteen replications based on 30‐min‐long simulated rainfall experiments were performed at constant rainfall intensities of 22–58 mm h^?1 on roadbeds with varying characteristics including ~3–7 m² micro‐catchment areas, 2–11° slopes, 2–9.7‐m‐long shallow rill features, and 30–100% gravel cover. The contributions of micro‐catchment size and rill length were the most important physical characteristics affecting runoff response and sediment production; both the size of the micro‐catchment and the length of the rills were inversely related to sediment loss and this contradicts most of the rill erosion literature. The effect of micro‐catchment size on runoff and sediment response suggests a potentially problematic spatial‐scale subjectivity of experimental plot results. The inverse relationship between rill length and sediment generation is interpreted here as related to the predominance of coarse fragments within rills, the inability of the shallow flows generated during the simulations to erode this sediment, and their role as zones of net sediment storage. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

Soil carbon storage following road removal and timber harvesting in redwood forests          下载免费PDF全文

Joseph Seney  Mary Ann Madej 《地球表面变化过程与地形》2015,40(15):2084-2092

Soil carbon storage plays a key role in the global carbon cycle and is important for sustaining forest productivity. Removal of unpaved forest roads has the potential for increasing carbon storage in soils on forested terrain as treated sites revegetate and soil properties improve on the previously compacted road surfaces. We compared soil organic carbon (SOC) content at several depths on treated roads to SOC in adjacent second‐growth forests and old‐growth redwood forests in California, determined whether SOC in the upper 50 cm of soil varies with the type of road treatment, and assessed the relative importance of site‐scale and landscape‐scale variables in predicting SOC accumulation in treated road prisms and second‐growth redwood forests. Soils were sampled at 5, 20, and 50 cm depths on roads treated by two methods (decommissioning and full recontouring), and in adjacent second‐growth and old‐growth forests in north coastal California. Road treatments spanned a period of 32 years, and covered a range of geomorphic and vegetative conditions. SOC decreased with depth at all sites. Treated roads on convex sites exhibited higher SOC than on concave sites, and north aspect sites had higher SOC than south aspect sites. SOC at 5, 20, and 50 cm depths did not differ significantly between decommissioned roads (treated 18–32 years previous) and fully recontoured roads (treated 2–12 years previous). Nevertheless, stepwise multiple regression models project higher SOC developing on fully recontoured roads in the next few decades. The best predictors for SOC on treated roads and in second‐growth forest incorporated aspect, vegetation type, soil depth, lithology, distance from the ocean, years since road treatment (for the road model) and years since harvest (for the forest model). The road model explained 48% of the variation in SOC in the upper 50 cm of mineral soils and the forest model, 54%. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

Prediction of the soil erosion in a forest and sediment yield from road network through GIS and SEDMODL   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3  

Aidin PARSAKHOO  Majid LOTFALIAN  Ataollah KAVIAN  Seyed Ataollah HOSSEINI 《国际泥沙研究》2014,29(1):118-125

This study was conducted to classify water erosion risk for a deciduous forest and to predict the amount of sediment yield from forest road network. GIS in combination with AHP was used for determining the soil erosion risk degrees of forest. Beside, sediment yield from forest roads with gravel and asphalted surfacing was estimated using SEDMODL. Rainfall simulator was used in calibration and validation process of model. Results showed that 47.9% of forest soil is classified from moderate to very high vulnerability. 32.3% of roads were located in soil erosion risk class of very high. This class is generally found in the eastern region of forest, while areas with very low risk are found in the south western part. 14.6% of the forest roads were ranked as having very low sediment yield. Only 61 segments out of 339 segments of forest road network delivered sediment to the ravine network. The estimated annual sediment yield for all of road sections by SEDMODL and rainfall simulator were 10,935.45 and 10,509.29 g m-2, respectively. Results of the calibration and validation process showed that the variation accounted for in the predicted values by SEDMODL with the observed values under rainfall simulation was 3.90%. Best management practices （BMP） must be considered for the areas with high degrees of erosion risk.  相似文献