Response of unconfined turbidity current to deep‐water fold and thrust belt topography: Orthogonal incidence on solitary and segmented folds     

Danielle M. Howlett  Zhiyuan Ge  Wojciech Nemec  Rob L. Gawthorpe  Atle Rotevatn  Christopher A.‐L. Jackson 《Sedimentology》2019,66(6):2425-2454

Sea‐floor topography of deep‐water folds is widely considered to have a major impact on turbidity currents and their depositional systems, but understanding the flow response to such features was limited mainly to conceptual notions inspired by small‐scale laboratory experiments. High‐resolution three‐dimensional numerical experiments can compensate for the lack of natural‐scale flow observations. The present study combines numerical modelling of thrusts with fault‐propagation folds by Trishear3D software with computational fluid dynamics simulations of a natural‐scale unconfined turbidity current by MassFlow‐3D? software. The study reveals the hydraulic and depositional responses of a turbidity current (ca 50 m thick) to typical topographic features that it might encounter in an orthogonal incidence on a sea‐floor deep‐water fold and thrust belt. The supercritical current (ca 10 m sec^?1) decelerated and thickened due to the hydraulic jump on the fold backlimb counter‐slope, where a reverse overflow formed through current self‐reflection and a reverse underflow was issued by backward squeezing of a dense near‐bed sediment load. The reverse flows were re‐feeding sediment to the parental current, reducing its waning rate and extending its runout. The low‐efficiency current, carrying sand and silt, outran a downslope distance of >17 km with only modest deposition (<0·2 m) beyond the fold. Most of the flow volume diverted sideways along the backlimb to surround the fold and spread further downslope, with some overspill across the fold and another hydraulic jump at the forelimb toe. In the case of a segmented fold, a large part of the flow went downslope through the segment boundary. Preferential deposition (0·2 to 1·8 m) occurred on the fold backlimb and directly upslope, and on the forelimb slope in the case of a smaller fold. The spatial patterns of sand entrapment revealed by the study may serve as guidelines for assessing the influence of substrate folds on turbiditic sedimentation in a basin.  相似文献   

砂土地基和粉质黏土地基基坑悬臂开挖离心模型试验     

李连祥  符庆宏  黄佳佳 《岩土力学》2018,39(2):529-536

分别开展砂土和粉质黏土两种典型土质条件下基坑悬臂式开挖离心模型试验,详细叙述试验过程中所要解决的关键问题,并提出合理的解决方案。通过对比分析两组试验结果,得到以下结论：非饱和土地基制备中参数控制困难,分层夯实法有待进一步改进,而砂雨法制备的砂土地基参数可控性更好;两组试验的结果有差异,砂土地基试验所呈现的土压力、地基变形、支护弯矩的变化规律更好,因此,岩土离心试验可适当考虑以砂土代替非饱和土;对于采用悬臂式支护结构的基坑,开挖引起的地表沉降曲线在砂土中呈指数型,而在粉质黏土中呈直线型;开挖引起的粉质黏土地基土体位移范围较砂土地基更大;开挖引起的砂土中挡墙弯矩较粉质黏土更大,砂土和粉质黏土中最大弯矩位置都随开挖逐渐下移;在砂土试验中开挖引起主动区土压力各处均减小,而在粉质黏土试验中开挖引起土压力在挡墙底有增大趋势。该基坑工程离心模型试验过程及数据处理方法可为进一步试验提供参考。  相似文献   

含水率对大应变下橡胶砂动剪模量和阻尼比的影响     

吴孟桃  刘方成  陈巨龙  陈璐 《岩土力学》2018,39(3):803-814

橡胶砂作为轻质耗能填料在工程中应用广泛,其含水状态随应用领域及外界因素变化而不同。研究含水率变化对橡胶砂动剪模量和阻尼比的影响,对于其合理应用具有重要意义。利用大型循环单剪试验装置对6种含水率的橡胶砂在3种竖向压力下进行了循环剪切试验,得到了动剪应变幅值在1%～3%范围时,橡胶砂动剪模量和阻尼比随含水率变化的试验现象。结果表明：橡胶颗粒的加入使得纯砂的动剪模量随含水率的衰减受到抑制,当橡胶颗粒含量达到30%时,橡胶砂动剪模量随含水率的增大反而表现出增大的趋势;随着橡胶颗粒含量的增大,橡胶砂阻尼比随含水率的增大表现出衰减的趋势;虽然离散性较大,但含水率对橡胶砂动力特性的影响不可忽略,橡胶砂动剪模量受含水率影响的平均最大变化幅值可达20%,阻尼比受含水率影响的平均绝对变化值接近0.025;在动力特性随含水率的稳定性方面,橡胶颗粒质量含量为20%的橡胶砂表现相对较好。  相似文献   

砂土中筒型基础沉放过程渗流特性和沉贯阻力研究     

丁红岩  贾楠  张浦阳 《岩土力学》2018,39(9):3130-3138

筒型基础的沉放是一项关键施工过程,沉放时土体在施工负压下产生渗流场,而渗流对基础筒壁的侧摩阻力和端阻力产生影响,导致沉贯阻力难以预测。针对这一问题,首先应用试验和数值模拟的方法,对筒型基础沉贯过程中的渗流特性进行分析,揭示筒壁两侧及筒端土体超孔隙水压力的分布;然后将分析结果应用于沉贯阻力的推导中,并对推导的公式进行验证。研究表明：筒型基础沉贯过程中,筒壁两侧土体的超孔隙水压力沿筒壁深度几乎呈线性变化,在接近筒端时出现非线性变化;不同的沉贯深度下,渗流对沉贯阻力的影响不同,随着沉贯深度的增加,减小的阻力占总沉贯阻力的比值越来越大;通过推导的理论公式计算的试验模型和实际工程的沉贯负压理论计算值与实测值吻合较好。  相似文献   

车西洼陷西北陡坡沙三下亚段地震相控反演砂砾岩储层预测     

张生  黄捍东  王星星  张金伟  李金奎 《地学前缘》2018,25(2):210-220

胜利油田的油气勘探方向逐渐由构造油藏向隐蔽油藏转变,砂砾岩油气藏成为非常重要的勘探目标,随着勘探程度的不断提高和新技术的不断应用,断陷湖盆的陡坡带成为重要的关注目标。地震相控反演充分利用了地震相界面对宏观地质体或岩性体的控制作用,将目标地层分成具有不同沉积特征的沉积单元,根据低频背景约束地震道外推反演中每个采样点的初值范围,同时控制反演时窗的大小,使反演结果具有明确的地质意义。针对车西洼陷陡坡带砂砾岩储层成因多、储层相变快、砂体描述困难等问题,在沉积相精细划分、储层物性分析、测井信息约束下,应用地震相控反演,预测古近系沙河街组三段下(沙三下)亚段陡坡带低孔低渗砂砾岩储层“甜点”分布,在扇辫状水道中、远端最有利的优质储层发育相带划分出4个“甜点区”。预测结果表明：砂砾岩体识别在垂向上达砂组级别,局部可达小层级别;横向上,不同成因类型砂体区分明显,可较好地识别出近岸水下扇、滑塌扇等砂砾岩储层,明显提高了断陷盆地陡坡带砂砾岩储层“甜点区”预测精度。  相似文献   

宁夏红寺堡盆地地表沙漠化现状及其地质主控因素     

黄婷  李振宏  刘锋  崔加伟  董晓朋  赵杨 《地质力学学报》2018,24(4):505-514

以landsand-TM遥感影像资料提取为基础,详细解译了宁夏红寺堡盆地近30年来地表沙漠化的进程。进一步结合1:50000区域地质填图成果,系统建立了红寺堡盆地晚更新世区域地层对比格架,恢复了重要演化阶段的岩相古地理格局,地质与地球化学分析相结合,确立了区域沙漠化的物质来源。研究结果认为:1999年国家实施的西部生态移民战略使红寺堡盆地生态环境恶化得到了有效修复,区域沙漠化整体呈现出了稳中有降的变化趋势,但并未得到彻底的有效根治;地表沙丘沙脊的主体走向呈北西-南东向,与大罗山-牛首山构造带、烟筒山构造的主体走向基本一致,具有带状分布的格局;沙漠化物质来源主要受控于上更新统萨拉乌苏组三段湖退序列的疏松湖相砂,具有原地沙漠化的特征;地表风成沙与萨拉乌苏三段湖相砂在主量元素、微量元素和稀土元素特征上具有比较一致性的变化趋势,进一步说明了二者在成因上具有一定的亲源性。该研究成果对区域土地沙漠化的综合防治具有重要的现实指导意义。   相似文献   

A framework for a critical physical geography of ‘sacrifice zones’: Physical landscapes and discursive spaces of frac sand mining in western Wisconsin     

《Geoforum》2017

The term sacrifice zone has been applied within activism, journalism, and scholarship to a wide range of polluted and degraded areas, including places playing host to relatively new extractive activities. This article proposes a conceptual framework for analyzing the phenomenon of the sacrifice zone within the emerging research paradigm of critical physical geography, using the illustrative case of frac sand mining in western Wisconsin, USA. In this case, we find that the meanings of sacrifice and the sacrifice zone vary along two major dimensions—the object of sacrifice and the initiator of sacrifice—and we propose that future research should attend to relationships between these dimensions and the efficacy of the framing for influencing future landscape change. We also argue that analyses in critical physical geography require investigating how in controversial situations some physical geographic (and human geographic) explanations and accounts stabilize as “matters of fact” and others emerge as disputed “matters of concern.” The latter, we contend, generate the conditions that lend themselves to the “sacrifice zone” frame. We suggest that this distinction both complicates and enriches efforts to integrate social and biophysical explanations.  相似文献   

Quantitative interrogation of a fossilized carbonate sand body – The Pleistocene Miami oolite of South Florida          下载免费PDF全文

Sam J. Purkis  Paul Harris 《Sedimentology》2017,64(5):1439-1464

Exposures of the Pleistocene Miami oolite in South Florida provide excellent examples of preserved primary sedimentary features and subsequent diagenetic changes of a ‘fossilized’ ooid sand body that has been subaerially exposed in a tropical climate since its deposition during the last interglacial highstand – Marine Isotope Stage 5e. Using a robust airborne light detection and ranging digital terrain model and select outcrops, a detailed analysis of the morphologies and dimensions of the different portions of the Miami oolite was conducted. The sand body, extending 95 km north to south and approximately 15 km wide, consists of shoals (or bars) separated by tidal channels and is partly bounded on the ocean‐facing side by a prograding barrier bar that collectively cover an area of approximately 1000 sq. km. Results of the quantitative interrogation of the Miami oolite are compared with those of previously published work from modern sand bodies on Great Bahama Bank including the Exumas, Schooners Cays and Tongue of the Ocean. Digital terrain models developed for these modern sand bodies on the Great Bahama Bank and the ancient Miami oolite were used as the basis for the definition of shoals, shoal crests (peaks) and channels which were examined with respect to their size, shape and orientation. The Exumas sand body is the best morphometric match when analysing the bars and the channels, and the Joulter Cays area is an analogue for the formation of the barrier bar and for burrow reworking of cross‐bedding within stabilized sand shoals. The Exumas is a particularly compelling analogue for the Miami oolite with respect to length and overall visual comparison between the morphologies of the sand bodies, shoal (or bar) shape, number of tidal channels, channel length and width, and high areas parallel to the strike trend of the sand body (islands in the Exumas and possible islands as part of the Miami oolite barrier bar). Despite ca 115 kyr of subaerial exposure and meteoric diagenesis including karst, the morphology of the Miami oolite is still relatively intact to the point where it can be easily analysed and meaningful comparisons to modern systems can be made. The Miami oolite serves as a key reference example for comparison to Holocene sand units in the Bahamas – it validates the concept of comparative sedimentology and in particular emphasizes how results from the modern can improve the interpretation of a fossilized example.  相似文献   

考虑颗粒破碎的冻结砂土非线性本构模型研究     

罗飞  何俊霖  朱占元  吕思清  漆宇轩 《地质力学学报》2018,24(6):871-878

颗粒破碎是粒状材料在高应力状态下的一种基本现象。为了研究冻结砂土中颗粒破碎对应力应变关系的影响,将冻结砂土视为复合颗粒材料,忽略冰的压融,考虑内摩擦角随应力状态的变化,构建一个适用于冻结砂土的考虑颗粒破碎的非线性本构模型。构建过程分为三步,首先是基于三轴剪切前后颗粒分析对冻结砂土颗粒破碎模式和产生机理进行探讨;其次是基于考虑颗粒破碎的能量平衡方程,对冻土在三轴剪切试验过程中的颗粒破碎耗能进行分析,结果表明颗粒破碎耗能随轴向应变呈双曲线变化趋势;最后应用考虑颗粒破碎的剪胀方程修正沈珠江三参数非线性模型中的体积切线模量ν_t,得到一个考虑颗粒破碎的非线性本构模型,模型参数可以通过单轴压缩试验和常规三轴试验确定。将原模型和修正后模型的计算结果与控制温度为-6℃,围压为1 MPa、4 MPa、6 MPa、8 MPa和10 MPa时冻结砂土的试验结果进行对比,结果表明该模型能够较好的模拟冻结砂土从低围压到高围压的应变软化特征与剪胀特征。   相似文献   

长螺旋钻孔压灌混凝土后插钢筋笼灌注桩工法在液化地层及厚砂层组合条件下施工可行性探讨          下载免费PDF全文

刘学亮  宋锦峰  曹凤学 《探矿工程》2017,44(6):74-77

通过哈尔滨市松花江边一个项目和北京市城市副中心一个项目的工程实例对比,对液化地层及厚砂层组合条件下长螺旋钻孔压灌混凝土后插钢筋笼灌注桩工法施工进行探索,总结出该工法在类似地质条件下的使用范围为桩长20 m以内,并介绍了施工关键技术措施,在工程中成功应用。对类似工程实施具有一定的借鉴意义。  相似文献