Aerial perspective for shaded relief     

Bernhard Jenny  Tom Patterson 《制图学和地理信息科学》2021,48(1):21-28

ABSTRACT

Aerial perspective is an essential design principle for shaded relief that emphasizes high elevation terrain using strong luminance contrast and low elevations with low contrast. Aerial perspective results in a more expressive shaded relief and helps the reader to understand the structure of a landscape more easily. We introduce a simple yet effective method for adding aerial perspective to shaded relief that is easy to control by the mapmaker.  相似文献   

Terrain generalization with line integral convolution     

Bernhard Jenny 《制图学和地理信息科学》2021,48(1):78-92

ABSTRACT

Line integral convolution is a technique originally developed for visualizing vector fields, such as wind or water directions, that places densely packed lines following the direction of movement. Geisthövel and Hurni adapted line integral convolution to terrain generalization in 2018. Their method successfully removes details and retains sharp mountain ridges; it is particularly suited for creating generalized shaded relief. This paper extends line integral convolution generalization with a series of enhancements to reduce spurious artifacts, accentuate mountain ridges, control the level of detail in mountain slopes, and preserve sharp transitions to flat areas. The enhanced line integral convolution generalization effectively removes excessive terrain details without changing the position of terrain features. Sharp mountain ridgelines are accentuated, and transitions to flat waterbodies and valley bottoms are preserved. Shaded relief imagery derived from generalized elevation models is visually pleasing and resembles manually produced shaded relief.  相似文献   

Bangladeshi American Response to the 1998 Status of Forces Agreement (SOFA): An Assessment*     

Bimal Kanti Paul 《The Professional geographer》2005,57(4):495-505

Following the devastating flood in 1998, the U.S. government proposed a Status of Forces Agreement (SOFA) to the Bangladesh government. Accepting the 1998 SOFA would have allowed entry of U.S. troops in Bangladesh without passports or visas and without requiring declaration of military hardware. This would have facilitated American forces support for relief operations and rehabilitation of disaster victims in the shortest possible time. Unfortunately, the Bangladesh government rejected the U.S. terms outlined in the 1998 proposal. A sample survey was conducted among Bangladeshi Americans to examine their opinions regarding the 1998 SOFA. Survey data reveals that slightly over 58 percent of the respondents supported signing the SOFA. Reasons for their support or opposition to the U.S. proposal are also presented. Statistical analyses suggest that whether respondents have studied or are currently studying in the United States emerged as the most significant factor associated with approval or disapproval of the 1998 SOFA. Implications of the study findings are also discussed.  相似文献   

基于DEM的地貌晕渲地图的研制--以"深圳市挂图"为例   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3  

马晨燕  祝国瑞  邱陟高 《测绘信息与工程》2004,29(5):17-18

介绍了"深圳市挂图"的制作流程,讨论了地表形态的表达,提出了在流程中出现的一些问题的解决方案.  相似文献   

The micro‐topography of the wetlands of the Okavango Delta,Botswana     

T. Gumbricht  T. S. McCarthy  P. Bauer 《地球表面变化过程与地形》2005,30(1):27-39

The surface of the 40 000 km² Okavango alluvial fan is remarkably smooth, and almost everywhere lies within two to three metres of a perfectly smooth theoretical surface. Deviations from this perfect surface give rise to islands in the Okavango wetlands. This micro‐topography was mapped by assigning empirical elevations to remotely sensed vegetation community classes, based on the observation that vegetation is very sensitive to small, local differences in elevation. Even though empirical, the method produces fairly accurate results. The technique allows estimation of depths of inundation and therefore will be applicable even when high resolution radar altimetry becomes available. The micro‐topography has arisen as a result of clastic sedimentation in distributary channels, which produces local relief of less than two metres, and more importantly as a result of chemical precipitation in island soils, which produces similar local relief. The micro‐topography is, therefore, an expression of the non‐random sedimentation taking place on the fan. Volume calculations of islands extracted from the micro‐topography, combined with estimates of current sediment in?ux, suggest that the land surface of the wetland may only be a few tens of thousands of years old. Constant switching of water distribution, driven by local aggradation, has distributed sediment widely. Mass balance calculations suggest that over a period of c. 150 000 years all of the fan would at one time or other have been inundated, and thus subject to sedimentation. Coalescing of islands over time results in net aggradation of the fan surface. The amount of vertical aggradation on islands and in channels is restricted by the water depth. Restricted vertical relief, in turn, maximizes the distribution of water, limiting its average depth. Aggradation in the permanent swamps occurs predominantly by clastic sedimentation. Rates of aggradation here are very similar to those in the seasonal swamps, maintaining the overall gradient, possibly because of the operation of a feedback loop between the two. The limited amount of local aggradation arising from both clastic and chemical sedimentation, combined with constant changes in water distribution, has resulted in a near‐perfect conical surface over the fan. In addition to providing information on sedimentary processes, the micro‐topography has several useful hydrological applications. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

Hypsometric Curves as a Tool for Paleosurface Mapping     

Paulo Cesar Soares  Silvana Bressan Riffel 《Mathematical Geology》2006,38(6):679-695

A procedural paleosurface mapping tool, using hypsometric curves and digital elevation models, was developed and applied to three hydrographic basins that erode common areas in the coastal ranges of Brazil, in southeastern South America. The method consists of identifying areas favorable for the occurrence of paleosurfaces and their corresponding surficial formations as correlated to specific erosion events. Attributes from hypsometric curves, and logarithmic functions fitted to proper curve segments, are combined with common morphometric properties of paleosurfaces given a set of criteria. Zones satisfying the criteria are mapped as pertaining to specific paleosurfaces. Field survey confirms the agreement between predicted and observed occurrence and absence of paleosurfaces.  相似文献   

KARST峰丛地貌煤层地温等值线绘制新方法初探     

韩绪山谢波  张心彬巩固 《中国煤田地质》2006,18(2):64-66

黔西北某井田KARST地貌煤层底板温度受岩溶、沉积环境、构造、水文地质条件等因素的影响，存在无规律变化现象。因此在计算未测地温值时，首先将9煤层底板深度、温度、标高进行多元线性回归分析，利用多元同归关系式计算钻孔地温值，与实测值一起进行线性插值，绘制9煤层底板地温等值线图，并圈出正常温度及一、二级高温范围。  相似文献   

我国扶贫政策演变及其实施效果   总被引：7，自引：0，他引：7  

刘慧 《地理科学进展》1998,17(4):81-89

系统回顾了建国以来我国扶贫政策的演变及其特点,重点分析了１９９６年以来我国政府实施的以扶持贫困人口为主的开发式消除贫困战略所采取的各项扶贫措施及其实施效果。探讨了过去若干年中我国扶贫政策实施效果的地区差异。对国家及某些贫困地区目前采取的脱贫政策与措施提出了一些分析性的评价。  相似文献   

1996年5月3日内蒙古自治区包头发生6.4级强烈地震     

张洪由  李怀英 《国际地震动态》1996,(7):21-24

１９９６年５月３日在内蒙古自治区包头附近发生６．４级强烈地震，给当地人民群众的生命财产造成重大损失。该文概述了这次地震的情况内容包括：震源参数、震灾情况、抗震救灾、社会和经济以及地震趋势。  相似文献   

构造的第三副面孔─—地貌的构造分析     

Ufim.  GF 周超凡 《地学前缘》1995,2(1):9-18

地貌构造分析或叫新构造分析，是大地构造研究中最重要的领域。新构造学探讨地貌及相关的沉积特征，以阐明岩石圈近地表部分的新构造作用。由于Ｓ．Ｓ．Ｓｃｈｕｌｔｚ、Ｖ．Ａ．Ｏ－ｂｒｕｃｈｅｖ、Ｎ．Ｉ．Ｎｉｋｏｌａｅｖ、Ｎ．Ａ．Ｆｌｏｒｅｎｓｏｖ等人的工作，新构造学已作为一门独立的学科出现在苏联地学界。新构造学理论的基础是年轻内生作用的速率和特征与地球表面地貌的相关性。区域和应用新构造学研究的目的在于依据地貌资料编汇新构造图及进行各类地质预测。本文以中亚、东亚及整个地球为例进行了探讨。  相似文献