荒漠草原带沙源及灌丛对灌丛沙堆形态的影响   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3  

谢国勋  罗维成  赵文智 《中国沙漠》2015,35(3):573-581

灌丛沙堆是干旱区一种典型的景观类型,经常出现在靠近流沙地带。在地处荒漠草原带的宁夏盐池北部的流沙边缘就发育有典型的白刺(Nitraria tangutorum)灌丛沙堆。本文对不同沙源距离和灌丛生长状况下的白刺灌丛沙堆形态特征进行了研究。结果表明:荒漠草原带白刺灌丛沙堆的高度0.2～4.8 m,90.05%的高度小于3.0 m;体积0.11～805.17 m³,6.08%的体积小于150 m³;面积0.86～333.3 m²,72.26%的小于50 m²。灌丛沙堆长轴长和短轴长、高度和面积、高度和体积、面积和体积间都存在很好的幂函数关系,随着灌丛沙堆高度的增加,其面积和体积也增加。沙源对白刺灌丛沙堆的分布特征有显著影响,灌丛沙堆的高度、面积和体积和沙源距离都有很好的抛物线形关系。白刺灌丛的生长状况对灌丛沙堆的形态特征也有明显的影响,即白刺灌丛生长状况越好,灌丛沙堆的高度、面积和体积也增大。  相似文献   

均匀配置的两种仿真灌木林防风效应野外观测   总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0  

刘虎俊  袁宏波  郭春秀  徐先英  王多泽  李学敏  刘开琳 《中国沙漠》2015,35(1):8-13

建立灌木林是一种有效的防风固沙方法,灌木林空间配置是防护林体系研究与建设取得最佳效益的关键.应用两种仿真固沙灌木,建立株行距相等的均匀配置灌木林,观测林内与林前不同风速,比较其防风效能.结果表明:在风速为4.6～10.7 m·s^-1时,侧影面积为0.25 m²的无叶仿真灌木林比侧影面积为0.39 m²的有叶仿真灌木林防风效能低10%～20%.仿真固沙灌木林风速与高度变化关系呈指数函数关系,但在风沙流中拟合系数更高.仿真固沙灌木林空气动力粗糙度平均值是流沙地的5倍多,但不同风速下的粗糙度值差异较大.对相同配置的防风固沙林,调节灌丛结构可以提高其防风固沙效能.  相似文献   

The measurement and modelling of stemflow in an alpine Myricaria squamosa community          下载免费PDF全文

Si‐Yi Zhang  Xiao‐Yan Li  Liu Li  Yong‐Mei Huang  Guo‐Qin Zhao  Hui‐Ying Chen 《水文研究》2015,29(6):889-899

Stemflow is an important hydrological process of rainfall partitioning, but it has rarely been studied in the alpine riparian shrub Myricaria squamosa in the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau. This study aimed to measure and model the stemflow of the unstudied M. squamosa and to identify the key controlling factors of stemflow yield. Correlations and stepwise regression analysis between stemflow and five meteorological and ten biological factors indicated that the rainfall amount and the aboveground biomass were the best variables for modelling and predicting stemflow. We used the best model to estimate annual and stand stemflow, as well as rainfall threshold for stemflow generation. Annual stemflow accounted for 2.3 to 10.2% of the annual rainfall amount, varying with different vegetation coverage and leaf area index. The annual stemflow percentage increased linearly with the annual total rainfall amount of events > 7.3 mm. For M. squamosa stands, branches with diameters of 10 to 25 mm were less frequent but contributed much more stemflow than branches with diameters smaller than 10 mm. The stemflow percentage increased sharply with increasing rainfall amounts when the rainfall amounts were less than 4, 8 or 13 mm for the M. squamosa stands with coverage of 32.6, 47.6 or 56.1%, respectively, but increased gently when the rainfall amounts were greater than these values. The rainfall threshold for stemflow generation decreased as the branch aboveground biomass increased, and the estimated median value of the rainfall threshold was 0.8 mm for M. squamosa stands, with a range of 3.0 to 0.4 mm for branches weighing 10 to 300 g, respectively. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

干旱半干旱地区草原灌丛荒漠化及其 生物地球化学循环     

金钊  齐玉春  董云社 《地理科学进展》2006,25(5):23-32

干旱和半干旱地区草地生态系统木本植物入侵及其导致的草原灌丛化已经成为全球范 围普遍发生的现象, 是草地沙化和荒漠化的一个重要标志。干旱生态系统中, 此种类型的植被变 化将对区域和全球生物地球化学循环产生显著影响。过度放牧、区域气候干旱化和自然火过程是 导致灌丛入侵和发展的主要控制因子。草原灌丛化过程中, 草地生态系统分布较为均匀的土壤养 分及相关元素在水平和垂直方向发生分异, 关键生命元素C、N、P 、S 生物地球化学循环的变化 将对全球气候变化产生显著作用。全球气候变化与草原灌丛荒漠化之间存在潜在的反馈机制, 人 类扰动的影响将使这种反馈作用变得更加迅速和灵敏。  相似文献   

民勤绿洲边缘带灌丛沙丘防风作用研究   总被引：8，自引：1，他引：7  

王升堂  邹学勇  张春来  程宏 《地理科学》2007,27(1):104-108

对民勤天然绿洲边缘带的固定、半固定及半流动风速灌丛沙丘实地观测表明,气流通过单个固定灌丛沙丘时,近地面平均风速降低4.4%,在965 m观测样线内降低57%,且风是连续降低的,愈靠近内侧降低得愈多,到绿洲内部农田边缘处时,平均风速仅有对照点的21%。深入了解灌丛沙丘对绿洲的防护机理,对于合理保护和恢复绿洲边缘带灌丛沙丘,避免绿洲遭受风沙侵袭具有重要意义。  相似文献   

基于低空无人机的草原灌丛遥感辨识方法     

张顺  赵玉金  白永飞  杨龙  孙中宇 《热带地理》2019,39(4):512-520

以位于中国科学院内蒙古草原生态研究定位站灌丛化样地实验平台为研究区,基于低空无人机遥感影像,结合实地调查,开展草原灌丛遥感辨识方法研究。通过对灌丛、草地和裸地归一化植被指数（NDVI）的方差统计分析,确定了裸地与植被的分割阈值为-0.08,并使用该阈值提取植被覆盖区,然后分别利用面向对象的决策树（DT）、贝叶斯（Bayes）、K最邻近（KNN）、支持向量机（SVM）机器学习分类器进行灌丛辨识。研究表明：借助Estimation of Scale Parameter（ESP）最优分割尺度评价工具可以快速确定分割参数,获取灌丛、草地影像对象;利用特征空间优化工具选取了18个的对象特征,可以有效避免盲目选择而导致的计算量增大;通过对不同分类器分类结果的对比和样本数量敏感性实验得出：Bayes分类器精度稳定、无需设置参数,灌丛分类精度最高,总体精度和Kappa系数分别达到92%和0.83,结果与影像地物嵌合最好,能够精确识别单株灌丛;根据Bayes分类器分类结果统计得研究区灌丛盖度为14.74%,平均冠幅为0.6 m²,与样方调查结果基本一致。由于4种分类器的算法特征以及对训练样本数量的敏感性各不相同,因此选择合适的分类器还需根据具体影像的地物特征、空间分辨率和研究区范围来确定。  相似文献   

Short-term effects of shrub control on two different plant communities in Argentina     

C. B. Passera  O. Borsetto  L. I. Allegretti 《Journal of Arid Environments》1996,34(4):415-420

The aim of this work was to study the effect of controlling jarilla (Larreaspp.), nonforage shrubs for livestock, on two plant communities with different forage production in the arid mid-west of Argentina. Total vegetation cover, forage species cover and carrying capacity were determined during three growing seasons, for cleared and uncleared plots. At the end of the study, significant differences were found in theLarrea cuneifoliacommunity, where average forage species cover increased by 156% over the control, and greater carrying capacity (129%) was also obtained from the cleared treatment. No significant differences were found in theLarrea divaricatacommunity. Data lead us to recommend shrub control as an improvement practice only in areas with low forage species cover and poor carrying capacity.  相似文献   

沙地柠条(Caragana)灌丛微生境节肢动物群落特征     

刘任涛  郗伟华  刘佳楠  赵娟  常海涛 《中国沙漠》2018,38(1):117-125

以宁夏荒漠草原柠条（Caragana）灌丛林地为研究对象,于2011年春、夏、秋季,利用陷阱诱捕法,调查了灌丛微生境节肢动物群落分布特征。结果表明：（1）调查共获得节肢动物9目31科32个类群,分属于4种功能群（植食性、捕食性、腐食性和杂食性）。其中,优势类群为蚁科（Formicidae）和拟步甲科（Tenebrionidae）,个体数占总个体数的71.97%;常见类群有7科8个类群,个体数占总个体数的19.72%;其余22个类群为稀有类群,个体数仅占总个体数的8.30%。（2）随着季节变化,灌丛内外节肢动物类群组成和个体数分布均发生改变。春季灌丛内外均包括优势类群、常见类群和稀有类群;夏季灌丛内外均包括优势类群,而灌丛下仅有常见类群,无稀有类群,灌丛外既没有常见类群也没有稀有类群;秋季灌丛内外均有优势类群和常见类群,但灌丛内外均无稀有类群。（3）夏季灌丛内外共有类群数最少,相似性指数最低,秋季次之,而春季灌丛内外共有类群数最多,相似性指数也最高。（4）春季和秋季,灌丛内外微生境中节肢动物个体数、丰富度和Shannon指数均无显著差异（P>0.05）。夏季,节肢动物个体数灌丛内外无显著差异性（P>0.05）,但丰富度和Shannon指数均表现为灌丛内显著高于灌丛外（P<0.05）。（5）春季灌丛内外捕食性、植食性和杂食性节肢动物的个体数和丰富度均无显著差异性（P>0.05）;但是,腐食性动物个体数和丰富度均表现为灌丛内显著高于灌丛外（P<0.05）。夏季,仅有捕食性动物丰富度呈现出灌丛内显著高于灌丛外（P<0.05）,而其他指标灌丛内外均无显著差异性（P>0.05）。秋季,每种功能群动物的个体数和丰富度灌丛内外均无显著差异性（P>0.05）。沙地灌丛内外生境中节肢动物的空间分布,既与灌丛本身生理生态学特性相关,也与季节性降雨和温度等气象条件的改变密切相关。  相似文献   

Evapotranspiration of Caragana korshinskii communities in a revegetated desert area: Tengger Desert,China     

Xin‐Ping Wang  Constance M. Brown‐Mitic  Er‐Si Kang  Jing‐Guang Zhang  Xin‐Rong Li 《水文研究》2004,18(17):3293-3303

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A shrub bending model to calculate the albedo of shrub‐tundra          下载免费PDF全文

Cécile B. Ménard  Richard Essery  John Pomeroy  Philip Marsh  Douglas B. Clark 《水文研究》2014,28(2):341-351

At high latitudes, the albedo and energy budget of shrub‐tundra landscapes is determined by the relationship between the fractional snow cover and the fraction of vegetation protruding above the snowpack. The exposed vegetation fraction is affected by the bending and/or burial of shrubs in winter and their spring‐up during melt. Little is known about the meteorological conditions and snowpack and shrub properties required to cause bending, and few quantitative measurements of bending processes exist. Here, a model combining the few, mostly qualitative, observations available with a biomechanical model representing branches as cantilevers is proposed to provide a first approximation of bending mechanisms. The exposed vegetation fraction is then calculated using structural parameters of shrubs measured at two sites in Canada: the Granger Basin in the Yukon Territory and Trail Valley Creek in the Northwest Territories. The exposed vegetation fraction is in turn used to calculate albedo, which is evaluated against measurements at the two sites. The model considerably improves modelled albedo compared to a model which only buries but does not bend shrubs at TVC, where shrubs become completely buried. However, the model overestimates albedo at GB where only a few shrubs get buried. The bending model is then used to calculate a compression factor for use in a simple parameterization of the exposed vegetation fraction proposed by previous investigators. The parameterization, which is simpler and computationally less expensive than the full model, is evaluated and found to perform well. Despite the need for further developments, the model provides a first approximation of bending processes and contributes to the identification of measurements that are needed in order to improve the model and our understanding of the bending of shrubs. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献