A simple technique for measuring rainfall interception by small shrub: “interception flow collection box”     

F. Belmonte Serrato  A. Romero Diaz 《水文研究》1998,12(3):471-481

In this paper a simple technique for field measurement of rain water loss arising from interception and water flows associated with species of small Mediterranean shrub is described: the ‘interception flow collection box’. This technique solves the problem of installing devices to control stemflow in species with a multiple trunk and demonstrates its efficiency through the results obtained from the data observed for three species of semi-arid Mediterranean shrub: Juniperus oxycedrus, Rosmarinus officinalis and Thymus vulgaris. Finally, the empirical equations for the prediction of throughfall, stemflow and rain water loss through interception are presented for the three selected species and the validity of the technique employed is established. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

高寒金露梅灌丛草甸植被反射率特征     

李英年  赵亮  赵新全  王勤学  杜明远  张法伟 《山地学报》2009,27(3)

根据祁连山海北高寒金露梅灌丛草甸2004年观测的太阳总辐射和反射辐射资料,分析了高寒金露梅灌丛草甸植被反射率（A）的变化特征。结果表明,金露梅灌丛草甸A在日间或一年间均表现出＂U＂型变化规律,晴天、昙天和阴云天气状况下的早晚略有差异,中午前后的A值三者无明显差异。季节不同下垫面性质不同的影响,A的分布不同。海北高寒金露梅灌丛草甸A的月平均在植物生长季内5～9月为0.15,植物非生长季的10月～翌年4月为0.20,年平均A为0.18。  相似文献   

地基激光雷达灌丛化草原小叶锦鸡儿生物量估算     

刘晓亮  隋立春  白永飞  赵旦  赵玉金  刘艳书  翟秋萍 《遥感学报》2020,24(7):894-903

小叶锦鸡儿是内蒙古灌丛化草原中最具代表性的景观植物,准确估算小叶锦鸡儿灌丛的地上生物量对研究灌丛化草原生态系统、监测草原灌丛化程度具有重要意义。地基激光雷达TLS(Terrestrial Laser Scanning)可通过获取高密度点云数据准确估算灌木体积,被广泛应用于反演灌木生物量,但在灌丛化草原中尚未得到有效应用。本研究首先在中国科学院灌丛化草地植被恢复试验区获取了5个样方(10 m×10 m)共42株灌丛的TLS点云数据及实测生物量信息;然后分别使用整体凸包法、切片凸包法、切片分割法、体积表面差分法、体素法5种方法计算灌丛体积并与实测生物量进行回归分析;最后,通过留一交叉验证对5种方法建立的生物量估算模型精度进行对比分析。结果表明：TLS可在不破坏植被的情况下实现快速、准确地小叶锦鸡儿灌丛生物量反演,是传统野外调查方法的可靠替代技术。研究中采用的5种方法均能较好地估算灌丛生物量,其中：（1）相比于整体凸包法（R ²=0.87, p<0.001, RMSE=30.50 g）,切片凸包法（R ²=0.89, p<0.001, RMSE=28.01 g）与切片分割法（R ²=0.88, p<0.001, RMSE=29.03 g）可有效减弱离群点造成的体积高估,生物量估算精度有所提升;（2）格网大小为3 cm、高度统计变量选取标准差时,体积表面差分法计算的体积与实测生物量拟合度最好(R ²=0.89, p<0.001, RMSE=28.89 g),表明高度标准差是估算小叶锦鸡儿灌丛生物量的强预测因子;（3）体素法解释了生物量估计值90%的变化(R ²=0.90, p<0.001, RMSE=26.28 g),是适合小叶锦鸡儿灌丛生物量反演的最优模型。  相似文献   

Dendrochronology and lichenometry: colonization, growth rates and dating of geomorphological events on the east side of the North Patagonian Icefield, Chile     

Vanessa Winchester  Stephan Harrison 《Geomorphology》2000,34(3-4)

This paper highlights the importance for dating accuracy of initial studies of delay before colonization for both trees and lichens and tree age below core height, particularly in recently deglaciated terrain where colonization and growth rates may vary widely due to differences in micro-environment. It demonstrates, for the first time, how dendrochronology and lichenometry can be used together in an assessment of each other's colonization and growth rates, and then cross-correlated to provide a supportive dating framework. The method described for estimating tree age below core height is also new. The results show that on the east side of the North Patagonian Icefield in the Arco and Colonia valleys, Nothofagus age below a core height of 112 cm can vary from 5 to 41 years and delay before colonization may range from a maximum of 22 years near water to a minimum of 93 years on the exposed flanks of the Arenales and Colonia Glaciers. Tree age plus colonization delay supplied a maximum growth rate of 4.7 mm/year for the lichen Placopsis perrugosa and lichen colonization is estimated to take from 2.5 to approximately 13 years. A minimum lichenometric date of 1883 was estimated for an ice-formed trimline at the junction of the Arenales and Colonia glaciers and a maximum dendrochronological date of 1881 for a water-formed trimline in the Arco valley. Tree and lichen ages around the valley suggest that a glacial outburst drained the 1881 high level lake releasing approximately 265 million cubic metres of water. Repeated flooding, with a minimum of 38 high lake levels, is suggested by horizontal sediment lines on the Arco valley walls and moraine flanks. Dating confirmed diminishing flood levels with a last minor flood in 1963. The wider significance of the work is that it should produce more accurate dating of recent glacier fluctuations around the North Patagonia Icefield, an area where dated reference surfaces are extremely scarce.  相似文献   

A Review of “Fundamentals of Tree-Ring Research”     

Sarah J. Hart 《The Professional geographer》2013,65(1):150-151

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Transpiration from three dominant shrub species in a desert‐oasis ecotone of arid regions of Northwestern China          下载免费PDF全文

Xibin Ji  Wenzhi Zhao  Ersi Kang  Bowen Jin  Shiqin Xu 《水文研究》2016,30(25):4841-4854

Conservation management for the water dependent desert‐oasis ecotone in arid northwest China requires information on the water use of the dominant species. However, no studies have quantified their combined water use or linked species composition to ecotone transpiration. Here, the water use of three dominant shelterbelt shrubs (Haloxylon ammodendron, Nitraria tangutorum, and Calligonum mongolicum) within an ecotone was measured throughout the full leaf‐out period for three shrub species from 30 May to 16 October 2014, with sap flow gauges using the stem heat balance approach. Species‐specific transpiration was estimated by scaling up sap flow velocities measured in individual stems, to stand area level, using the frequency distribution of stem diameter and assuming a constant proportionality between sap flow velocity and basal cross‐sectional area for all stems. The mean peak sap flux densities (J_sn) for H. ammodendron, N. tangutorum, and C. mongolicum, were 40.12 g cm^?2 h^?1, 71.33 g cm^?2 h^?1, and 60.34 g cm^?2 h^?1, respectively, and the mean estimated daily area‐averaged transpiration rates (T_daily) for the same species were 0.56 mm day^?1, 0.34 mm day^?1, and 0.11 mm day^?1. The accumulative stand transpiration was approximately 140.8 mm throughout the measurement period, exceeding precipitation by as much as 42.1 mm. Furthermore, T_daily of these shrubs appeared to be much less sensitive to soil moisture as compared to atmospheric drivers, and the relationship between J_sn and atmospheric drivers was likely uninfluenced by soil moisture regimes in the whole profile (to 1‐m depth), especially for H. ammodendron and C. mongolicum. Results indicate that these shrubs may use deep soil water recharged by capillary rise, or may directly access shallow groundwater. This study provides quantitative data offering important implications for ecotone conservation and water and land resource management. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

The implications of regional variations in rainfall for reconstructing rainfall patterns using tree rings          下载免费PDF全文

Heather A. Haines  Jon M. Olley 《水文研究》2017,31(16):2951-2960

In Australia, multidecadal periods of floods and droughts have major economic consequences. Due to the short duration of Australian instrumental precipitation records, it is difficult to determine the patterns of these multidecadal periods. Proxy records can be used to create long‐term rainfall reconstructions for regions that are lacking instrumental data. However, the spatial extent over which single‐site proxy records can be applied is poorly understood. Southeast Queensland (SEQ) is an area where tree rings can be used to reconstruct long‐term rainfall patterns, but their regional representation is unknown. In this study, the spatial variability in rainfall across SEQ is investigated from 1908 to 2007 using 140 instrumental rainfall stations. Pearson correlation analysis between stations is used to create groups at the r = 0.80, 0.85, and 0.90 correlation levels, and then annual deviations from the mean are determined. These patterns indicate that rainfall is not uniform across SEQ but can be broken into 2 main spatially consistent groups. Each of these groups is broken down into several subgroups with higher correlation levels. Long‐term streamflow records are found to be correlated to rainfall patterns local to the streamflow stations, indicating that analysis of extreme events should consider spatial precipitation variability. Finally, the only currently available proxy rainfall reconstruction for the region, a 140‐year Toona ciliata tree ring width record from Lamington National Park, is compared to rainfall groups at different correlation levels across all of SEQ. The correlation between the reconstruction and the rainfall station groupings is best for the groups within which the tree‐ring record is spatially located, and this correlation improves as rainfall group correlation increases. Correlation is nearly nonexistent for groupings located at a distance from the tree‐ring site. These results demonstrate the importance of assessing the spatial variability of precipitation so that the spatial applicability of proxy records can be assessed.  相似文献   

基于遥感数据的内蒙古草原灌丛物候变化研究   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

范瑛  李小雁  李广泳 《干旱气象》2014,32(6):902-908

植被物候研究是全球气候变化研究的重要内容,但国际上有关干旱半干旱区灌丛物候变化的研究还很缺乏。为了探讨气候变化对内蒙古草原灌丛物候的影响,利用2000~2011年的MODIS EVI时间序列影像,采用动态阈值法得到6种灌丛12 a物候年际变化情况,结合样点附近气象站的气温和降水数据,分析了灌丛物候与气候变化的动态关系。结果表明：（1）内蒙古中西部草原灌丛返青期、枯黄期都呈现提前的趋势,生长季长度缩短;（2）春季均温升高和前一年秋冬降水增加可以提前灌丛返青期,是影响返青期的主要因素;（3）秋季降水减少和夏秋均温上升都利于枯黄期提前,夏季降水的作用则因灌丛种类不同而略有差异;（4）夏秋均温上升缩短了生长季长度,夏秋降水量、春季均温则多与生长季长度呈正相关。  相似文献   

青海玉树地区主要灌丛类型地上生物量及其影响因素   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

钟泽兵  杨路存  刘何春  宋文珠  李璠  周国英 《山地学报》2014,32(6)

以青海玉树地区主要灌丛鲜卑花群系、百里香杜鹃群系、细枝绣线菊群系和山生柳群系为研究对象,采用样方收获法研究其地上生物量分配特征。结果表明:5种类型的灌丛地上生物量在21.6~34.33 t/hm2之间,地上生物量最大的是细枝绣线菊群系,最小的是金露梅群系,5种灌丛群落地上生物量平均是29.64 t/hm2,不同层次生物量大小顺序是:灌木层草本层凋落物层,各自生物量占地上生物量的比例分别是73.35%、14.27%、12.35%。5种灌丛类型建群种生物量大小依次是:细枝绣线菊群系金露梅群系百里香杜鹃群系鲜卑花群系山生柳群系。影响玉树地区灌丛地上生物量的主要因素是海拔、群落盖度、灌丛高度及放牧。灌丛地上生物量随着海拔的上升而下降,随着群落盖度和灌木高度的增加而增加。放牧对灌木地上生物量的影响机制尚不明确。  相似文献   

The effects of the identity of shrub species on the distribution and diversity of ground arthropods in a sandy desert ecosystem of northwestern China     

JiLiang Liu  WenZhi Zhao  FengRui Li 《寒旱区科学》2014,6(6):0587-0596

Shrub is an important factor on structuring ground arthropod communities in desert ecosystems. In this study, in order to determine how shrubs and their species influence ground arthropod distribution patterns in a sandy desert scrubland dominated by two different shrub species, Calligonum mongolicum and Nitraria sphaerocarpa, the ground arthropods were sampled with pitfall traps during spring, summer and autumn. At the community level, total arthropod abundance was shown to be significantly higher under shrubs than in intershrub bare areas in spring; similar patterns occurred in terms of the richness of arthropod groups in the spring and over three seasons, suggesting season-specific shrub presence effects on arthropod activity. In addition, more arthropods were found under N. sphaerocarpa shrubs than under C. rnongolicum shrubs in autumn, suggesting season-specific effects of shrub species of arthropod activity, whereas more arthropods taxa were captured under C. mongoIicum than N. sphaerocarpa. At the trophic group level, the abundances of predator and herbivore arthropods were significantly greater under shrubs than in intershrub bare habitats, whereas herbivore arthropods were more abundant under N. sphaerocarpa than C. rnongolicum, and an opposite rule was detected for predator arthropods At the family level, the mean abundances of Carabidae, Curculionidae, Gnaphosidae and Lycosidae were significantly higher in the shrub microhabitats than in the intershrub bare habitat, there was no significant difference between habitats on the mean abundances of Formicidae and Tenebrionidae. The study results suggested that shrub presence and shrub species variation are important determinants of ground arthropod assemblages in this desert ecosystem, but the responses of ar- thropods differed among trophic and taxonomic groups.  相似文献