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The National Bureau of Surveying and Mapping of China has planned to speed up the development of spatial data infrastructure (SDI) in the coming few years. This SDI consists of four types of digital products, i. e., digital orthophotos, digital elevation models, digital line graphs and digital raster graphs. For the DEM, a scheme for the database building and updating of 1∶10 000 digital elevation models has been proposed and some experimental tests have also been accomplished. This paper describes the theoretical (and/or technical) background and reports some of the experimental results to support the scheme. Various aspects of the scheme such as accuracy, data sources, data sampling spatial resolution, terrain modeling, data organization, etc are discussed. 相似文献
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Etienne Mémin 《地球物理与天体物理流体动力学》2014,108(2):119-146
We present a derivation of a stochastic model of Navier Stokes equations that relies on a decomposition of the velocity fields into a differentiable drift component and a time uncorrelated uncertainty random term. This type of decomposition is reminiscent in spirit to the classical Reynolds decomposition. However, the random velocity fluctuations considered here are not differentiable with respect to time, and they must be handled through stochastic calculus. The dynamics associated with the differentiable drift component is derived from a stochastic version of the Reynolds transport theorem. It includes in its general form an uncertainty dependent subgrid bulk formula that cannot be immediately related to the usual Boussinesq eddy viscosity assumption constructed from thermal molecular agitation analogy. This formulation, emerging from uncertainties on the fluid parcels location, explains with another viewpoint some subgrid eddy diffusion models currently used in computational fluid dynamics or in geophysical sciences and paves the way for new large-scales flow modeling. We finally describe an applications of our formalism to the derivation of stochastic versions of the Shallow water equations or to the definition of reduced order dynamical systems. 相似文献
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渐趋完善的第四纪冰川研究范式——记第四届中国第四纪冰川与环境变化研讨会 总被引：4，自引：1，他引：3
冰川是气候变化敏感的指示器,第四纪冰川研究在地球科学中占有重要的地位。2017年8月,第四届中国第四纪冰川与环境变化研讨会在兰州成功举办。与会专家认为,地貌学与沉积地层学的结合以及测年技术的发展,使中国第四纪冰期划分研究取得长足进展,不仅建立了80万年以来可与MIS进行比对的中国第四纪冰期与间冰期演化序列,还推动了中国第四纪环境变化研究的深入。通过研讨和交流,绝大多数专家认为中国东部中低山地某些疑似的第四纪冰川遗迹完全可以用非冰川成因予以解释,在今后的研究工作中应加强岩石地貌、气候地貌和外动力地貌过程的综合研究,尤其需要加强诸如颤痕等微观冰蚀地貌的分类、形成机制和环境意义研究。适时指出泛冰川论的缺陷和不足是本领域科学家的历史责任和使命担当,进一步开展具备科学事实、科学理论和科学观念的研究,从而完善中国第四纪冰川理论。建议国家级学会组织编制第四纪冰川遗迹调查与评价技术规范,加强全国高校自然地理学等相关专业的教师培训工作,同时加大冰川学、地貌学的科学普及力度。 相似文献
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资源环境综合科学调查,是获取反映区域自然基础和社会发展情况的科学数据和资料的重要手段。中国幅员辽阔、地理国情复杂且数据资料积累薄弱,因此,我国重视并长期发展资源环境综合科学调查。然而,由于不同时期、不同区域开展的综合科学调查,在时空尺度、调查内容、技术规范等方面存在很大差异,尽管资料获取越来越多,但仍难以集成利用,缺少对我国总体资源环境的认识。能否以格网化的思路来获取和管理考察资料,能否有适宜于资源环境调查的标准规范,来集成历史资料并指导未来的动态监测,能否建成一个中观尺度的长期资源环境调查系统?针对这些问题,结合当前正在实施的格网化资源环境综合科学调查规范项目的实践,提出以下一些思考,包括：资源环境调查格网体系、格网的剖分与编码、资源环境调查标准规范、资源环境调查适宜尺度、属性数据格网化、格网化数据获取与管理、资源环境数据共享与应用。 相似文献
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标准贯入试验是现场测定土体工程性质的重要原位试验,是现场快速判定土体密实度的重要依据,具有及时、可靠、经济等特点,在地质勘察中被广泛的应用。本文通过介绍标准贯入试验的基本原理和设备,比较了英国规范、美国ASTM规范和我国岩土工程勘察规范之间标准贯入试验的差异,介绍了标准贯入试验所适用的经验公式,结合在美国ASTM规范指导下具体的工程实践结果,应用标准贯入试验的结果分析了苏丹国尼罗河Dagash流域内的土体工程性质,对比钻探所得土样和袖珍贯入测力计试验结果,验证了标贯结果的正确性。 相似文献
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Abdolreza Bahremand Sajad Ahmadyousefi Vahedberdi Sheikh Chooghi Bairam Komaki 《水文研究》2021,35(1):e13992
Hydrologic models are simplified representations of natural hydrologic systems. Since these models rely on assumptions and simplifications to capture some aspects of hydrological processes, calibration of parameters is unavoidable. However, utilizing the philosophy of a recent modelling framework proposed by Bahremand (2016), we show how calibration of most model parameters can be avoided by allocating or presetting these parameters utilizing knowledge gained from sensitivity analyses, field observations and a priori specifications as a part of a parameter allocation procedure. This paper details the simulation of daily river flow of the Shemshak-Roudak watershed performed using the Python version of the WetSpa model. The WetSpa-Python model is a distributed model of hydrological processes applied at the watershed scale. The model was applied to the Shemshak-Roudak watershed of Iran with parameter allocation. Model calibration involved only two parameters. Straightforward methods were proposed for allocating model parameters, including three baseflow-related parameters and the determination of maximum active groundwater storage using a mass curve technique. Also, the Budyko curve was used to constrain a correction factor for potential evapotranspiration. The WetSpa-Python model was extended to include the influence of snowmelt. A failure to include snow in the hydrological processes of the WetSpa-Python model creates a significant discrepancy between the observed and simulated hydrographs during the spring. The results of daily simulations for 12 years (2002–2014) are in good agreement with observations of discharge (Kling-Gupta Efficiency = 0.84). These results demonstrate that it is feasible to simulate hydrographs with limited calibration given a knowledge of hydrological processes and an understanding of relationships between catchment characteristics and model parameters. 相似文献