Spectroscopic studies of synthetic and natural ringwoodite, γ-(Mg,Fe)<Subscript>2</Subscript>SiO<Subscript>4</Subscript>     

Michail N. Taran  Monika Koch-Müller  Richard Wirth  Irmgard Abs-Wurmbach  Dieter Rhede  Ansgar Greshake 《Physics and Chemistry of Minerals》2009,36(4):217-232

Synthetic ringwoodite γ-(Mg_1?x Fe _x )₂SiO₄ of 0.4 ≤ x ≤ 1.0 compositions and variously colored micro-grains of natural ringwoodite in shock metamorphism veins of thin sections of two S6-type chondrites were studied by means of microprobe analysis, TEM and optical absorption spectroscopy. Three synthetic samples were studied in addition with Mössbauer spectroscopy. The Mössbauer spectra consist of two doublets caused by ^VIFe²⁺ and ^VIFe³⁺, with IS and QS parameters close to those established elsewhere (e.g., O’Neill et al. in Am Mineral 78:456–460, 1993). The Fe³⁺/Fe_total ratio evaluated by curve resolution of the spectra, ranges from 0.04 to 0.1. Optical absorption spectra of all synthetic samples studied are qualitatively very similar as they are directly related to the iron content. They differ mostly in the intensity of the observed absorption features. The spectra consist of a very strong high-energy absorption edge and a series of absorption bands of different width and intensity. The three strongest and broadest absorptions of them are attributed to splitting of electronic spin-allowed ⁵ T _2g → ⁵ E _g transitions of ^VIFe²⁺ and intervalence charge-transfer (IVCT) transition between ferrous and ferric ions in adjacent octahedral sites of the ringwoodite structure. The spin-allowed bands at ca. 8,000 and 11,500 cm^?1 weakly depend on temperature, whilst the Fe²⁺/Fe³⁺ IVCT band at ~16,400 cm^?1 displays very strong temperature dependence: i.e., with increasing temperature it decreases and practically disappears at about 497 K, a behavior typical for bands of this type. With increasing pressure the absorption edge shifts to lower energies while the spin-allowed bands shift to higher energy and strongly decreases in intensity. The IVCT band also strongly weakens and vanishes at about 9 GPa. We assigned this effect to pressure-induced reduction of Fe³⁺ in ringwoodite. By analogy with synthetic samples three broad bands in spectra of natural (meteoritic) blue ringwoodite are assigned to electronic spin-allowed transitions of ^VIFe²⁺ (the bands at ~8,600 and ~12,700 cm^?1) and Fe²⁺/Fe³⁺ IVCT transition (~18,100 cm^?1), respectively. Spectra of colorless ringwoodite of the same composition consist of a single broad band at ca. 12,000 cm^?1. It is assumed that such ringwoodite grains are inverse (Fe, Mg)₂SiO₄-spinels and that the single band is caused by the split spin-allowed ⁵ E → ⁵ T ₂ transition of ^IVFe²⁺. Ringwoodite of intermediate color variations between dark-blue and colorless are assumed to be partly inversed ringwoodite. No glassy material between the grain boundaries in the natural colored ringwoodite aggregates was found in our samples and disprove the cause of the coloration to be due to light scattering effect (Lingemann and Stöffler in Lunar Planet Sci 29(1308), 1998).  相似文献   

Pseudo-Static Analysis of Soil Nailed Excavations     

Gosavi Meenal  Swami Saran  Satyendra Mittal 《Geotechnical and Geological Engineering》2009,27(4):571-583

In this paper, a pseudo-static analysis has been presented to investigate the stability of soil nailed vertical/nearly vertical excavations. The failure surface is assumed as the arc of log-spiral passing through the toe of the excavation and intersecting the ground at right angle. The horizontal and vertical seismic forces are taken in terms of horizontal and vertical seismic coefficients. The internal failure mode of the nailed cut is considered either by pull-out or rupture or excessive bending whichever is critical. Expression for the factor of safety is derived using moment equilibrium method. Results have been arranged in tabular form considering ranges of the design parameters usually occur in practice. A typical table for the design of nailed excavation with driven nails is presented in the paper. Analytical results have been compared with the findings of model tests and reasonably good agreement has been observed.  相似文献   

Provenance of the Lower Paleozoic Balcarce Formation (Tandilia System, Buenos Aires Province, Argentina): Implications for paleogeographic reconstructions of SW Gondwana   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3  

Udo Zimmermann  Luis A. Spalletti 《Sedimentary Geology》2009,219(1-4):7-23

Lower Paleozoic moderately sorted quartz–arenites from the Balcarce Formation deposited in eastern Argentina (Tandilia System) comprise mainly detrital material derived from old upper crustal material. The sources were magmatic, sedimentary, and subordinated felsic metamorphic terranes. High concentrations of tourmaline and Ti-rich heavy minerals, including zircon and nearly euhedral chromite, are common. Trace element concentrations (Nb, Cr) on rutile indicate pelitic and metabasaltic sources, respectively. Major element analyses on chromites indicate a basic volcanic protolith of mid-oceanic ridge origin, which was exposed close to the depositional basin. The delivery of chromite may be associated with convergent tectonics causing the consumption and obduction of oceanic crust during pre-Upper Ordovician times. The oblique/orthogonal collision of the Precordillera Terrane with the western border of the Rio de la Plata Craton, west of the Balcarce Basin or source further to the east from a Lower Palaeozoic extensional basin are possibilities.Geochemical and petrographic data exclude the underlying Precambrian and Cambrian sedimentary rocks as dominant sources, and favour the basement of the Río de La Plata Craton, including Cambrian rift-related granites of South Africa and the Sierras Australes (eastern Argentina), as main suppliers of detritus. Trace element geochemistry of recycled pyroclastic material, associated with the quartz–arenites, also suggests volcanic arc sources. The provenance of the pyroclastic material may either be the Puna–Famatina arc, located in north and central Argentina, or a hypothetical active margin further to the south. These ash layers are equivalent in age to volcanic zircons found in the Devonian Bokkeveld Group in western South Africa.The deposition of a glacial diamictite of Hirnantian age (Sierra del Volcán Diamictite) is interpreted as a member of the Balcarce Formation. Based on the stratigraphic re-location of the glacial diamictite and trace fossils, the Balcarce Formation is considered here to be Ordovician to Silurian in age. The Balcarce Formation can be correlated with similar rocks in South Africa, the Peninsula Formation, and the upper Table Mountain Group (Windhoek and Nardouw subgroups), including the Hirnantian glacial deposit of the Pakhuis Formation.  相似文献   

The territorial integrity of Iraq, 2003-2007: Invocation, violation, viability     

Stuart Elden 《Geoforum》2009,40(3):407-417

This paper considers the ways in which Iraq’s territorial integrity has been invoked by the international community, how it was violated by the US-led coalition between 2003 and 2007, and how these acts have called into question the future viability of the Iraqi state. The paper contends that Iraq provides an instructive illustration of how the international legal term of territorial integrity is being pulled apart; where the spatial extent of the state must be preserved at all costs, yet the sovereignty of the state is rendered entirely contingent. Using interviews with key actors within the British context and documentary analysis, this paper examines the political situation in Iraq and the content of the new Iraqi constitution, the rise of factionalism within Iraq, and the report of the Iraq Study Group. In doing so it considers the impact of key decisions concerning Iraq’s sovereignty upon the future viability of the state.  相似文献   

偶极剖面法在缅甸卡拉沃锌矿区的应用效果     

秦学业  李士祥  贾继标  王凤茹 《矿产与地质》2009,23(3):282-286

对于氧化程度较深的（铅）锌矿体,由于矿石结构、物性发生较大变化,激电效应大为减弱,常规激电中梯无ηs异常,sρ虽有异常反映,但由于中梯装置取得的sρ值精度较差,往往不能满足推断解释的需要。本文通过对缅甸卡拉沃锌矿区找矿方法试验研究,总结出使用偶极剖面法-对称四极电剖面-电测深等综合电阻率方法确定矿体（脉）位置及空间分布形态,取得了较好找矿效果,并指出在实际工作中应当注意的几个问题。  相似文献   

Multi-scale study of permeability evolution of a bentonite clay owing to pollutant transport: Part II. Application to an MG-bentonite     

F. Bouchelaghem  N. Jozja 《Engineering Geology》2009,108(3-4):286-294

This paper is concerned with the application of a multi-scale model of permeability evolution to the simulation of permeation tests of lead nitrate solutions in a compacted natural bentonite. In a previous work, the weathered hydraulic conductivity has been measured for different pollutant concentrations. Textural and structural evolutions induced by heavy metal sorption have also been investigated, therefore giving us information about the various pore spaces that may be encountered during the process of pollutant leaching. Such knowledge has been exploited during the construction of the numerical microstructures. First of all, pure water permeability tests have been simulated, this has allowed us to ascertain the representation of compacted clay before pollutant permeation. For both Prrenjas and Wyoming clays, permeation tests after pollutant permeation have then been simulated, using connected and non-connected macro-voids configurations. Different conclusions have been drawn based on simulation results for the two different clays investigated, which are supported by experimental evidence.  相似文献   

关于地理空间信息网格结构层次的设计与研究   总被引：5，自引：1，他引：4  

龚强 《测绘科学》2005,30(4):22-24

地理空间信息网格结构层次设计是重要的基础性工作。目前较为流行的网格结构层次有五层沙漏结构和开放网格服务结构,都志辉等人从开发的角度又提出了一般的网格层次结构,以此为基础试设计并探讨地理空间信息网格的层次结构。  相似文献   

成矿信息精细化研究的意义及有效途径     

刘利宝  吕新彪  王巍巍  曹新志 《大地构造与成矿学》2019,43(2):283-291

成矿信息精细化研究是针对"现阶段矿产地质工作中过度依赖现代高端实验测试技术方法、过分追求利用有限的高精测试数据构建矿床模型,忽略了对更多成矿信息的精细化研究,难以直接指导探矿工程布置"的问题而提出的。成矿信息精细化研究突出研究成矿要素在有限时空尺度上的变化细节,尽可能利用勘查区内地质、物探、化探、遥感等资料,通过研究成矿信息的空间特征和变化趋势,还原成矿过程的细节。其四大研究特征是:重视大数据统计规律、重视多角度提取信息、重视研究勘查区尺度上地质信息的变化特征和重视研究成矿事件发生时的成矿过程细节。其五大研究要点是:识别控矿因素,分析矿床成因,研究矿质迁移富集机理,总结控矿因素在不同时、空尺度的变化规律,以及详细恢复成矿过程。研究路径是:对控矿因素进行专项深化研究、对实验室微观信息规律进行深入研究和对物化遥资料进行深入分析,为精细化研究提供更多信息。  相似文献   

偏心系数和锚腚角对固定锚腚拖曳锚运动的影响     

张春会  张海霞  赵全胜  田英辉  郑晓明 《岩土力学》2018,39(2):515-522

为观测和分析安装中拖曳锚在土中的运动特性,自制了由玻璃水槽、拖曳系统和拉力传感器组成的板锚拖曳试验装置。将硅凝胶与水混合制备成了透明土,依据有效重度强度比确定模型锚材料,按照1:50缩尺比例,在自制板锚拖曳试验装置上开展固定锚腚拖曳锚拖曳试验,研究了偏心系数和锚腚角对固定锚腚拖曳锚运动特性的影响规律。结果表明：该试验装置可以直接观测拖曳板锚嵌入土中运动的全过程;锚眼法向偏心距和切向偏心距不是独立参数,偏心系数能综合描述锚眼偏心对板锚在土中运动的影响;锚腚角是影响板锚在土中运动的重要参数,随着锚腚角增加,板锚最终嵌土深度先增加后减小;随着锚眼偏心系数增加,板锚最终嵌土深度先增加后减小;固定锚腚拖曳锚在土中的运动轨迹近似服从负指数函数曲线。  相似文献   

Muglad盆地凯康坳陷生长断层活动定量分析及对油气成藏的控制     

李娟  陈红汉  张光亚  陈广坡  张斌 《地学前缘》2018,25(2):51-61

应用断层古滑距、滑动速率法研究苏丹Muglad盆地凯康坳陷生长断层活动,定量表征早白垩世、晚白垩世、古近纪-新近纪三幕构造旋回断陷期断层生长及活动强度的差异性。结果表明控凹断层为多期、多段式生长连锁模式;控构造带断层为初期生长连锁,后期简单生长模式;控圈闭断层表现为简单生长模式。早白垩世断陷期控凹断层分段生长影响烃源岩分布,断拗构造旋回造成砂泥岩沉积显著分异,形成下、中、上部多套储盖组合。油气的聚集层位及分布规律受圈闭类型、断层在Darfur群油气大规模运移期活动强度、Nayil组-Tendi组破坏期活动强度3方面因素控制,构造转换带横向背斜以及地垒型、反向断块型等古构造可形成早期残留油气藏或浅层次生油气藏,顺向断块不利于成藏。Darfur群与Nayil组-Tendi组滑移速率之比可以代表早期油气聚集与后期油藏破坏能力的相对大小,与单条断层伴生构造圈闭的油气纵向层位聚集状态有对应关系。凯康槽东侧为高产油气聚集带,隆起带以下组合白垩系成藏为主,断阶带上、中、下组合均能成藏;凯康槽西侧斜坡带和断阶带成藏条件差,隆起带北部成藏条件一般,多层系成藏但产量不高,隆起带南部成藏条件好于北部但以下组合白垩系成藏为主;坳陷带内断层晚期活动强烈,可形成次生油气藏。  相似文献