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61.
人地非线性相关作用的探讨 总被引:12,自引:2,他引:12
从自组织系统思想出发,提出了人地关系的基本特性,通过逻辑斯蒂听数学变换,分析了人地非线性相关作用的混沌特性,进而讨论了人地关系的分形性质。基于混 过程与分形结构的因果关系,指出:地球表层系统中的人文分形景观乃是人地非线性关系的混沌作用所致。 相似文献
62.
第四纪时期,黄土高原粉尘物质的搬运、沉积及其后的成土过程受控于干湿气候的变化。对黄土高原这一特定地区而言,风成沉积序列在地域上的差异主要与东亚地区的季风环流在时间和空间上的变化有关。本文的研究揭示出,近13万年里,最为显著的成壤期有6期,与这6个成壤期对应的时段也应当是夏季风环流加强、气候温湿的时期;在空间上,全新世适宜期及末次间冰期中与深海氧同位素阶段5a,5c,5e对应的时期,夏季风足可以深入到毛乌素沙漠腹地,并具有占优势的环境效应。在阶段3的早、晚期及5b时期夏季风虽然也能深入沙漠-黄土边界带,但其环境效应在黄土高原北部及毛乌素沙漠南缘已不再显著。在阶段2、阶段4及阶段3的中期夏季风已不能深入沙漠-黄土边界带。 相似文献
63.
There have been several claims that seismic shear waves respond to changes in stress before earthquakes. The companion paper develops a stress-sensitive model (APE) for the behaviour of low-porosity low-permeability crystalline rocks containing pervasive distributions of fluid-filled intergranular microcracks, and this paper uses APE to model the behaviour before earthquakes. Modelling with APE shows that the microgeometry and statistics of distributions of such fluid-filled microcracks respond almost immediately to changes in stress, and that the behaviour can be monitored by analysing seismic shear-wave splitting. The physical reasons for the coupling between shear-wave splitting and differential stress are discussed.
In this paper, we extend the model by using percolation theory to show that large crack densities are limited at the grain-scale level by the percolation threshold at which interacting crack clusters lead to pronounced increases in rock-matrix permeability. In the simplest formulation, the modelling is dimensionless and almost entirely constrained without free parameters. Nevertheless, APE modelling of the evolution of fluid-saturated rocks under stress reproduces the observed fracture criticality and the narrow range of shear-wave azimuthal anisotropy in crustal rocks. It also reproduces the behaviour of temporal variations in shear-wave splitting observed before and after the 1986, M = 6, North Palm Springs earthquake, Southern California, and several other smaller earthquakes.
The agreement of APE modelling with a wide range of observations confirms that fluid-saturated crystalline rocks are stress-sensitive and respond to changes in stress by critical fluid-rock interactions at the microscale level. This means that the effects of changes in stress and other parameters can be numerically modelled and monitored by appropriate observations of seismic shear waves. 相似文献
In this paper, we extend the model by using percolation theory to show that large crack densities are limited at the grain-scale level by the percolation threshold at which interacting crack clusters lead to pronounced increases in rock-matrix permeability. In the simplest formulation, the modelling is dimensionless and almost entirely constrained without free parameters. Nevertheless, APE modelling of the evolution of fluid-saturated rocks under stress reproduces the observed fracture criticality and the narrow range of shear-wave azimuthal anisotropy in crustal rocks. It also reproduces the behaviour of temporal variations in shear-wave splitting observed before and after the 1986, M = 6, North Palm Springs earthquake, Southern California, and several other smaller earthquakes.
The agreement of APE modelling with a wide range of observations confirms that fluid-saturated crystalline rocks are stress-sensitive and respond to changes in stress by critical fluid-rock interactions at the microscale level. This means that the effects of changes in stress and other parameters can be numerically modelled and monitored by appropriate observations of seismic shear waves. 相似文献
64.
This paper investigates the role of housing age in constraining residential mobility, measured as the percent of households that have moved into their homes in the past 15 months. The leading explanation for why mobility rates differ so much among regions of the United States has been the overall level of growth. The present analysis shows that the growth effect operates through both the newness of population (migration) and the newness of housing available for occupancy by all local residents. The posited explanation for this housing age effect is that progressively older units contain increasingly settled occupants, yielding fewer opportunities for in-movers in areas with older housing. It is empirically demonstrated that households in older housing have lower likelihood of recent mobility even after controlling for age, tenure, migration status, and state location of residence. The analysis reveals the temporal interdependency of mobility, migration, person age, and housing age. 相似文献
65.
Shear-wave anisotropy: spatial and temporal variations in time delays at Parkfield, Central California 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
Shear-wave splitting is analysed on data recorded by the High Resolution Seismic Network (HRSN) at Parkfield on the San Andreas fault, Central California, during the three-year period 1988-1990. Shear-wave polarizations either side of the fault are generally aligned in directions consistent with the regional horizontal maximum compressive stress, at some 70° to the fault strike, whereas at station MM in the immediate fault zone, shear-wave polarizations are aligned approximately parallel to the fault. Normalized time delays at this station are found to be about twice as large as those in the rock mass either side. This suggests that fluid-filled cracks and fractures within the fault zone are elastically or seismically different from those in the surrounding rocks, and that the alignment of fault-parallel shear-wave polarizations are associated with some fault-specific phenomenon.
Temporal variations in time delays between the two split shear-waves before and after a ML = 4 earthquake can be identified at two stations with sufficient data: MM within the fault zone and VC outside the immediate fault zone. Time delays between faster and slower split shear waves increase before the ML = 4 earthquake and decrease near the time of the event. The temporal variations are statistically significant at 68 per cent confidence levels. Earthquake doublets and multiplets also show similar temporal variations, consistent with those predicted by anisotropic poroelasticity theory for stress modifications to the microcrack geometry pervading the rock mass. This study is broadly consistent with the behaviour observed before three other earthquakes, suggesting that the build-up of stress before earthquakes may be monitored and interpreted by the analysis of shear-wave splitting. 相似文献
Temporal variations in time delays between the two split shear-waves before and after a M
66.
在褶皱形态的分形分析基础上,利用分形理论和褶皱的岩石力学成因理论推导出了褶皱的分数维(D)与岩层厚度(h)和粘度(μ)的关系式,即找到了褶皱分形分布的岩石力学成因机制,在相同的构造应力场条件下,岩层的厚度和粘度越小,则越易产生较复杂的褶皱,即褶皱的分数维越大,因此,利用褶皱的分形测量,可以定量了分析褶皱形成的岩石力学性质,这是分形研究从形态研究到机制研究的一种探索。 相似文献
67.
68.
用土的分形结构确定土的水份特征曲线 总被引:4,自引:4,他引:4
运用筛析法和比重计法,分析了宁夏膨胀土的颗粒分布,发现粒径介于0.002~0.1mm的粒度分布是分形的,分维介于2.46~2.67;运用上孔隙分布的分维确定水份特征曲线,得到了很好的结果。此外,还探讨了粒度分形分布的机制。 相似文献
69.
分形几何用于岩石损伤扩展过程的研究 总被引:3,自引:2,他引:3
通过对岩石损伤扩展机理的研究,运用分形几何理论,建立了岩石损伤变量ω与分形维数之间关系。 相似文献
70.