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921.
利用哈尔滨地面气象观测数据,对1961-2010年哈尔滨雾霾天气候特征进行分析,得出:1961-2010年,哈尔滨的雾霾天经历了一个减少-增多-减少的过程;哈尔滨市雾霾天气出现较频繁,有四到五成的日子会有雾霾天气出现,雾霾天以烟幕和轻雾天为主;雾霾天冬季出现最多,其次秋季,春、夏季较少;雾生多在凌晨3-6时,消多在清晨5-9时;持续时间多4 h(占有记录的雾持续时间81%)。  相似文献   
922.
本文根据黑龙江省阿城市1961-2013年间的逐月气温和降水量资料,对阿城市近53 a的气候变化特征进行分析。结果表明:近53 a来阿城市年平均气温呈上升趋势,年平均气温以0.28℃/10 a的幅度上升,其中以冬季增温最为明显,春、秋季增温次之,而夏季的变化趋势则不明显。降水量的年变化略呈现下降趋势,年降水量大小存在波动变化,有一个2-3 a的变化周期,近10 a平均降水量比近50 a平均降水量减少了19 mm。  相似文献   
923.
安徽省夏玉米生长季干旱时空特征分析   总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4  
利用安徽省夏玉米主产区37个气象站点1961~2010年的气象资料,选取修订后的作物水分亏缺指数作为表征夏玉米干旱的指标,分析了安徽省夏玉米生长季内干旱频率的时空分布特征及表征干旱风险大小的干旱风险度的时空特征。结果表明:近50 a安徽省夏玉米不同发育阶段水分亏缺指数未发生显著变化,但夏玉米成熟后期的干旱现象有加重趋势;抽雄开花期是干旱频率及干旱风险较高的时段;从空间分布特征看,干旱频率与干旱风险度的空间分布特征相似,夏玉米营养生长阶段二者的高值区在淮北北部,而在夏玉米生长中后期,干旱主要发生在沿淮西部和江淮南部。整个生长季内,沿淮淮北西部是干旱高发和高风险区。  相似文献   
924.
根据宁波市ADTD闪电定位系统的2010—2012年的地闪监测数据和雷电灾害资料以及2012年宁波市人口及GDP数据,选取年平均地闪密度、致灾强度地闪密度、经济损失指标、人员伤亡指标、人员易损指标、经济易损指标等6项指标,采用5级对称等分间隔划分法,确定划分雷灾易损性指标和雷灾综合易损度等级标准,根据雷灾综合易损度得出评估结果:海曙区、江东区为雷灾极高易损区;镇海区为雷灾高易损区;江北区、宁海县、象山县、北仑区、奉化市为雷灾中易损区;鄞州区、余姚市为雷灾低易损区;慈溪市为雷灾极低易损区。  相似文献   
925.
晋西北地区马铃薯生态需水量对气候变化的响应   总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3  
基于晋西北地区8个地面气象站1960~2010年的气象资料及马铃薯生育期平均资料,运用P-M公式,计算了马铃薯生态需水量,分析了生态需水量的时间演变特征及其对气候变化的响应。结果表明:晋西北地区马铃薯生态需水量整体上呈显著下降趋势,但不同时段下降幅度差异较大;风速和日照时数的变化对马铃薯生态需水量的影响最为突出。气候变暖对该地区马铃薯生态需水量的影响表明,气温的升高会增加马铃薯的需水量,且不同地区需水量的增幅不尽相同,气候变暖对寒冷地区马铃薯需水量的影响更加显著。  相似文献   
926.
挪威是世界上重要的石油生产国和出口国,对世界石油市场供需稳定有重要影响。本文在项目工作基础上,简要讨论了挪威油气资源管理与投资环境,包括油气资源潜力与油气工业概况、油气管理体制与框架、主要管理机构、主要油气法律、油气权设置、主要油气管理政策、油气税制等。  相似文献   
927.
We present the seasonal and geographical variations of the martian water vapor monitored from the Planetary Fourier Spectrometer Long Wavelength Channel aboard the Mars Express spacecraft. Our dataset covers one martian year (end of Mars Year 26, Mars Year 27), but the seasonal coverage is far from complete. The seasonal and latitudinal behavior of the water vapor is globally consistent with previous datasets, Viking Orbiter Mars Atmospheric Water Detectors (MAWD) and Mars Global Surveyor Thermal Emission Spectrometer (MGS/TES), and with simultaneous results obtained from other Mars Express instruments, OMEGA and SPICAM. However, our absolute water columns are lower and higher by a factor of 1.5 than the values obtained by TES and SPICAM, respectively. In particular, we retrieve a Northern midsummer maximum of 60 pr-μm, lower than the 100-pr-μm observed by TES. The geographical distribution of water exhibits two local maxima at low latitudes, located over Tharsis and Arabia. Global Climate Model (GCM) simulations suggest that these local enhancements are controlled by atmospheric dynamics. During Northern spring, we observe a bulge of water vapor over the seasonal polar cap edge, consistent with the northward transport of water from the retreating seasonal cap to the permanent polar cap. In terms of vertical distribution, we find that the water volume mixing ratio over the large volcanos remains constant with the surface altitude within a factor of two. However, on the whole dataset we find that the water column, normalized to a fixed pressure, is anti-correlated with the surface pressure, indicating a vertical distribution intermediate between control by atmospheric saturation and confinement to a surface layer. This anti-correlation is not reproduced by GCM simulations of the water cycle, which do not include exchange between atmospheric and subsurface water. This situation suggests a possible role for regolith-atmosphere exchange in the martian water cycle.  相似文献   
928.
当前我国人口形势面临老龄化与少子化风险,抓好“一老一小”、确保老有所养和幼有所育成为我国城乡发展中特别关注的方面。在这一背景下,如何营造有利于养老和生育的社会环境,如何针对老年人、育龄妇女和儿童等弱势人群提供更为合理的设施配置成为民生工程的重要内容。社区服务设施作为城市公共服务的空间载体,其配置模式的完善与提升是落实以人为本、集中体现社会公平的重要路径。当前,从网络地图规划路径API获取的出行时间成本矩阵能够为可达性研究提供接近真实的出行时间数据,此外个体化的人口数据如实有人口数据能够以其丰富的属性信息为识别各类弱势人群提供依据,同时精确刻画人口的空间分布。本文基于弱势人群的需求特征与相关规范,对老年人、育龄妇女和儿童三类弱势人群提出了明确定义,并构建了面向各类弱势人群个体使用需求的社区服务设施供给标准。在此基础上,利用实有人口数据、网络地图出行时间成本矩阵和POI数据,综合考虑社区服务设施的服务容量,提出了基于弱势人群个体可达性评价的社区服务设施供给评价与布局优化方法,并以广州市人民南社区为例进行了应用实践。研究表明,人民南社区的弱势人群服务设施供给存在不足,优化配置后设施的供需情况更加合理,服务人口覆盖率亦明显提升。本文提出的方法能够从独立个体尺度精确评价社区弱势人群服务设施的布局合理性,在拓展数据类型及应用方法方面为当前人口形势下精细化研究服务设施的空间分布和供需问题提供新的思路。  相似文献   
929.
We present the first testate amoeba‐based palaeohydrological reconstruction from the Swiss Alps, and the first depth to the water table (DWT) calibration dataset for this region. Compared to existing models, our new calibration dataset performs well (RMSEP = 4.88), despite the length of the water table gradient covered (53 cm). The present‐day topography and vegetation of the study mire Mauntschas suggest that it is partly ombrotrophic (large Sphagnum fuscum hummocks, one of which was the coring site) but mostly under the minerotrophic influence of springs in the mire and runoff from the surrounding area. Ombrotrophic Sphagnum fuscum hummocks developed at the sampling site only during the last 50 years, when testate amoebae indicate a shift towards dry and/or acid conditions. Prior to AD 1950 the water table was much higher, suggesting that the influence of the mineral‐rich water prevented the development of ombrotrophic hummocks. The reconstructed DWT correlated with Pinus cembra pollen accumulation rates, suggesting that testate amoebae living on the mire and P. cembra growing outside of it partly respond to the same factor(s). Finally, temperature trends from the nearby meteorological station paralleled trends in reconstructed DWT. However, contrary to other studies made on raised bogs of northwestern Europe, the highest correlation was observed for winter temperature, despite the fact that testate amoebae would more logically respond to moisture conditions during the growing season. The observed correlation with winter temperature might reflect a control of winter severity on surface moisture during at least the first part of the growing season, through snow melt and soil frost phenomena influencing run‐off. More ecohydrological work on sub‐alpine mires is needed to understand the relationships between climate, testate amoebae and peatland development. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   
930.
We investigated trends in future seasonal runoff components in the Willamette River Basin (WRB) of Oregon for the twenty‐first century. Statistically downscaled climate projections by Climate Impacts Group (CIG), eight different global climate model (GCM) simulations with two different greenhouse gas (GHG) emission scenarios, (A1B and B1), were used as inputs for the US Geological Survey's Precipitation Runoff Modelling System. Ensemble mean results show negative trends in spring (March, April and May) and summer (June, July and August) runoff and positive trends in fall (September, October and November) and winter (December, January and February) runoff for 2000–2099. This is a result of temperature controls on the snowpack and declining summer and increasing winter precipitation. With temperature increases throughout the basin, snow water equivalent (SWE) is projected to decline consistently for all seasons. The decreases in the centre of timing and 7‐day low flows and increases in the top 5% flow are caused by the earlier snowmelt in spring, decreases in summer runoff and increases in fall and winter runoff, respectively. Winter runoff changes are more pronounced in higher elevations than in low elevations in winter. Seasonal runoff trends are associated with the complex interactions of climatic and topographic variables. While SWE is the most important explanatory variable for spring and winter runoff trends, precipitation has the strongest influence on fall runoff. Spatial error regression models that incorporate spatial dependence better explain the variations of runoff trends than ordinary least‐squares (OLS) multiple regression models. Our results show that long‐term trends of water balance components in the WRB could be highly affected by anthropogenic climate change, but the direction and magnitude of such changes are highly dependent on the interactions between climate change and land surface hydrology. This suggests a need for spatially explicit adaptive water resource management within the WRB under climate change. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   
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