Significance tests for multivariate normality of clusters from branching patterns in dendrograms     

P. H. A. Sneath 《Mathematical Geology》1986,18(1):3-32

A significance test is presented for whether, based on levels of branches in a dendrogram, a cluster is from a multivariate normal distribution. The method compares the observed cumulative graph of number of branches with a graph derived from a simple logistic function. Provided the number of objects or variables is not small, the difference between graphs can be tested by the Kolmogorov-Smirnov, Cramér-von Mises, and Lilliefors statistics.Logistic functions were obtained by simulation and are available for three similarity measures: (1) Euclidean distances, (2) squared Euclidean distances, and (3) simple matching coefficients, and for five cluster methods: (1) WPGMA, (2) UPGMA, (3) single linkage (or minimum spanning trees), (4) complete linkage, and (5) Ward's increase in sums of squares. For simple matching coefficient, the mean intracluster similarity also is required.The method allows a test of whether the dendrogram could be from a cluster of smaller dimensionality due to character correlations. Good fit of the data to abnormally large or small dimensionality provides an important warning to interpretation of the dendrogram. Quantiles of test statistics were found by simulation to be well-approximated by logistic functions. The Lilliefors test is recommended for general use; if a conservative test is required, the two-tailed Kolmogorov-Smirnov test is most suitable. The method is suitable for use with a hand calculator, and a computer program for it is available from the author.  相似文献   

Field spectroradiometer and simulated multispectral bands for discriminating invasive species from morphologically similar cohabitant plants     

Solomon G. Tesfamichael  Solomon W. Newete  Elhadi Adam  Bambo Dubula 《地理信息系统科学与遥感》2018,55(3):417-436

One of the challenges in fighting plant invasions is the inefficiency of identifying their distribution using field inventory techniques. Remote sensing has the potential to alleviate this problem effectively using spectral profiling for species discrimination. However, little is known about the capability of remote sensing in discriminating between shrubby invasive plants with narrow leaf structures and other cohabitants with similar ecological niche. The aims of this study were therefore to (1) assess the classification performance of field spectroradiometer data among three bushy and shruby plants (Artemesia afra, Asparagus laricinus, and Seriphium plumosum) from the coexistent plant species largely dominated by acacia and grass species, and (2) explore the performance of simulated spectral bands of five space-borne images (Landsat 8, Sentinel 2A, SPOT 6, Pleiades 1B, and WorldView-3). Two machine-learning classifiers (boosted trees classification and support vector machines) were used to classify raw hyperspectral (n = 688) and simulated multispectral wavelengths. Relatively high classification accuracies were obtained for the invasive species using the original hyperspectral bands for both classifiers (overall accuracy, OA = 83–97%). The simulated data resulted in higher accuracies for Landsat 8, Sentinel 2A, and WorldView-3 compared to those computed for bands simulated to SPOT 6 and Pleiades 1B data. These findings suggest the potential of remote-sensing techniques in the discrimination of different plant species with similar morphological characteristics occupying the same niche.  相似文献   

桉树人工林引种的生态环境效应研究进展     

杜虹蓉  易琦  赵筱青 《云南地理环境研究》2014,(1):30-39

桉树人工林引种带来的生态环境问题是生态环境效应的研究热点,认识桉树对生态环境的作用机制,为桉树人工林的科学种植提供理论依据,有助于维护生态系统健康稳定,实现资源与经济的协调发展.从单因子生态环境效应（包括生物多样性、土壤侵蚀、土壤质量、植被指数、净初级生产力）和多因子生态环境综合效应（生态系统服务价值、生态环境综合效应）两方面总结桉树人工林引种的生态环境效应研究现状.最后提出今后应注重桉树人工林土壤质量综合评价、生态环境综合效应、植被指数（Vegetation index,Ⅵ）以及植被净初级生产力（Net primary productivity,NPP）的研究;结合多学科理论,充分发挥地理信息系统（Geographic Information System,GIS）、遥感（Remote Sensing,RS）的优势,客观地对桉树人工林的生态环境效应进行研究.  相似文献   

Comparison of data-driven modelling techniques for river flow forecasting     

Shreenivas Londhe  Shrikant Charhate 《水文科学杂志》2013,58(7):1163-1174

Abstract

Accurate forecasting of streamflow is essential for the efficient operation of water resources systems. The streamflow process is complex and highly nonlinear. Therefore, researchers try to devise alterative techniques to forecast streamflow with relative ease and reasonable accuracy, although traditional deterministic and conceptual models are available. The present work uses three data-driven techniques, namely artificial neural networks (ANN), genetic programming (GP) and model trees (MT) to forecast river flow one day in advance at two stations in the Narmada catchment of India, and the results are compared. All the models performed reasonably well as far as accuracy of prediction is concerned. It was found that the ANN and MT techniques performed almost equally well, but GP performed better than both these techniques, although only marginally in terms of prediction accuracy in normal and extreme events.

Citation Londhe, S. & Charhate, S. (2010) Comparison of data-driven modelling techniques for river flow forecasting. Hydrol. Sci. J. 55(7), 1163–1174.  相似文献   

耦合WorldView-2和珠海一号影像的红树林物种分布     

高常军  蒋侠朋  甄佳宁  王俊杰  邬国锋 《遥感学报》2022,26(6):1155-1168

红树林物种遥感分类受影像分辨率、波段信息、分类策略、影像特征选择方法等因素影响。现有的红树林物种遥感分类研究大多关注于分类精度的比较,较少报道商业高分与国产高光谱卫星的结合在物种分类的应用。基于湛江高桥红树林保护区的高分（WorldView-2）和高光谱（珠海一号）卫星影像,本文旨在利用随机森林分类方法,比较不同特征选择算法（极端梯度提升（XGBoost）、极端随机树（ERT）、连续投影算法（SPA））和不同空间分辨率（WorldView-2影像从0.5 m的分辨率重采样为1 m、2 m、4 m、8 m、10 m）对红树林物种分类精度的影响,并耦合WorldView-2与珠海一号影像研究红树林物种空间分布格局及影响因素。每种空间分辨率的WorldView-2影像提取248个特征（52个光谱特征及196个纹理特征）,珠海一号影像提取117个光谱特征。结果表明,XGBoost方法优于ERT和SPA,在影像特征选择中具有巨大优势;与其他空间分辨率相比,2 m分辨率的WorldView-2影像具有更高的分类精度;耦合WorldView-2和珠海一号影像的分类精度（分辨率：2 m,总体精度：88.98%,kappa系数：0.846）高于单一的WorldView-2影像（分辨率：2 m,总体精度：83.47%,kappa系数：0.768）和珠海一号影像（分辨率：10 m,总体精度：78.50%,kappa系数：0.703）;另外,林窗、高程、离岸距离一定程度上影响红树林物种分布格局。本文表明WorldView-2与珠海一号高光谱影像的结合在景观及区域尺度上精确提取红树林物种信息具有巨大潜力,有利于红树林生物多样性保护及科学管理。  相似文献   

用树木物候期做玉米播种期预报   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

吕景华  赵翠珍  李海波  李旭微  周茂东 《内蒙古气象》2011,(3):37-39

利用呼和浩特1971—2007年气象资料与1988—2007年物候资料,分析了玉米适宜播种期与春季树木物候期的相互关系。结果表明:春季树木物候期与气温存在很好的相关性,用冬春季气温预报春季树木物候期,再由树木物候期确定玉米适播期,或用树木已出现的物候期预测下一个物候期,从而预报玉米适播期等方法均取得较好的预报效果。  相似文献   

青岛崂山海岸带野生木本果树资源     

李宝华  吕涛  吕惠霞 《海洋科学进展》1998,(2)

本文主要介绍了青岛崂山海岸带野生木本果树的种类、分布状况、用途及开花结果日期,为变野生为家养提供科学依据。  相似文献   

干旱区盐渍化土地梨园覆草效应研究   总被引：14，自引：3，他引：11  

刘虎俊  王继和  胡明贵  杨自辉  边克俭 《中国沙漠》1999,19(4):411-416

在河西走廊中部沙区,分别于1997年5月、1998年5月和7月,给梨园树行覆宽1 m,厚15~20 cm麦草。观测土壤含盐量、湿度、温度、有机质、树下杂草和梨树根系在土壤中的分布、1 a生枝的生长量。树行内覆草降低了0~30 cm土层的K⁺ + Na⁺、Ca²⁺和SO₄^2-的含量。当土壤含水量较小时,0~10 cm覆草土壤含盐量随气温的变化趋势与未覆草土壤相似,但变化幅度小;土壤含水量较大时,覆草土壤含盐量与气温呈负相关。随着覆草时间的延长,单位时间内土壤有机质增长率相对减小。0~60 cm覆草土层根系的分布量为未覆草的2.67倍,覆草有利于梨树地上部分的生长。覆草初期,树行内的1 a生杂草增加;随着覆草时间的延长,1 a生杂草减少;梨树行覆草18个月后,1 a生杂草和多年生杂草数量分别为未覆草的8.6%和77.8%。在河西走廊,果园覆草可选在5月至8月初。  相似文献   

Event-scale floodplain accretion revealed through tree-ring analysis of buried plains cottonwoods,Powder River,MT, USA     

Tara L. Metzger  James E. Pizzuto  Shelia M. Trampush  Jonathan M. Friedman  Derek M. Schook 《地球表面变化过程与地形》2020,45(2):345-360

Six plains cottonwoods along the axis of a meander were excavated to determine if dendrochronology could identify the year and location of germination and date past overbank sedimentation events. Samples from all excavated trees showed clear anatomical changes associated with burial, including increased vessel size, decreased definition of annual ring boundaries, and decreased ring widths. Some of these burial signatures were created by deposition of only a few centimeters of sediment, and most burial events were detected by multiple samples from the same tree. Four of the trees germinated at or near the upper surfaces of bar deposits, while two germinated within thin overbank deposits draped over bar deposits, indicating that germination is closely associated with bars. Dates and inferred thicknesses of overbank sedimentation events are consistent with repeated topographic surveys and data obtained from cesium-137 (¹³⁷Cs) analyses. However, the record of overbank sedimentation extracted from the trees does not entirely reflect the history of past peak discharges documented by stream gaging, largely because individual trees are progressively less likely to be flooded through time as the river migrates farther away. Germination dates and locations closely track past positions of the river channel. Germination elevations and the elevations of the tops of point bars appear to be decreasing with time as the bend migrates, implying vertical incision by Powder River at a rate of 7.1 ± 4.3 mm/yr. The rate of floodplain growth determined by elevation changes decreases progressively through time, ultimately reaching an apparent plateau after 0.8–1.3 m of vertical accretion. While similar patterns of vertical accretion have previously been interpreted as resulting from decreasing flood probability with increasing floodplain elevation, distance from the channel is also a first-order control on vertical floodplain growth. © 2019 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献